Download Earth, Moon, and Beyond

Chapter 13
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How Does Earth’s Orbit Affect the Seasons?
Everyday the sun rises in the east and sets in
the west.
Sun- the star at the center of our solar system
 Rotates-spins on its axis
 Axis-an imaginary line that passes through
the North and South Poles.
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In 1884, standard times were set up in 24
time zones around the world.
Each time zone represents one of the hours in
a day.
The United States has seven time zones.
revolves- to travel in a closed path around
another object.
 Orbit- a path one body takes in space as it
revolves around another body.
Equator- an imaginary line going all the way
around Earth halfway between the North and
the South poles.
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Sunrise, Sunset
Use a flashlight and a ball to model day and
night. Where on the ball are sunrise and
sunset represented?
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1. Why does the earth have 4 seasons?
A- Because the Earth’s axis are tilted.
2. When it is summer in the Northern
Hemisphere, what season is it in the Southern
Hemisphere?
A- Winter
3. Why is it warmer in the summer than in the
winter?
A- During the summer, the number of hours
of daylight is longer and the sun’s rays strike
much of the hemisphere directly.
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Brain pop seasons
Brain pop more seasons
Summer and Winter solstice
Summer solstice June,20th or 21st
Winter solstice, December 21st or 22nd
Equinox
Autumn equinox- September 22nd or 23rd
Spring equinox- March 20th or 21st
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How do Earth and the Moon Compare?
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Moon- any natural body that revolves around
a planet.
Crater- a low, bowl-shaped area on the
surface of a planet or moon.
Earth and Moon
Similarities
Both are rocky and fairly dense.
Both are made up of many of the same
elements. Aluminum, oxygen, calcium,
silicon, and iron.
Both have craters.
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Differences
Size- moon is about 2160 miles, which is
only about 1/4th of the earth’s diameter.
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Differences
The moons pull of gravity is only 1/6th of that
on earth.
The moon, has almost no atmosphere and no
liquid water.
Temperatures on the moon range from 212
degrees F during day to -247 degrees F
during the night.
Moon’s surface is covered with many more
craters than earths.
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Bill Nye
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The Earth and the Moon both rotate, but at
different speeds.
The moon rotates more slowly.
Moon- rotates every 29 ½ days
Earth – rotates every 24 hours
The same side of the moon always faces the
earth.
Moon does NOT give off light, it is the
reflection of the sun.
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Moon phase- is one of the shapes the moon
seems to have as it orbits Earth.
Sun Earth
Moon = Full moon (can see)
Sun Moon
Earth = New Moon (can’t see)
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Eclipse- occurs when one body on space
blocks light from reaching another body in
space.
Solar eclipse- occurs when the moon, always
a new moon, casts a shadow on Earth.
The moon seems to cover the sun, and the
sky gets dark.
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Lunar eclipse- occurs when the moon, always a full
moon, passes through the shadow of Earth.
Earth blocks the sun’s light from reaching the
moon, but the moon does not look black. Instead,
it looks red.
This is because the Earth’s atmosphere bends the
red light, which then reflects off the moon.
Refraction- bending light
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What makes up our Solar System?
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Star- a huge ball of very hot gases in space.
Solar system- made up of a star and all the
planets and other objects that revolve around
that star.
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The source of much of the energy on Earth
Plants use energy from the sun to make food
and store energy.
Animals eat plants to use that food energy.
Some plants and animals that died long ago
became fossil fuels, such as oil that we use
today.
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The sun is huge, a million Earths could fit
inside it.
Sunspots are darker, cooler areas of the sun.
Sunspots can produce brief bursts of energy
called solar flares.
Brain pop – sun
See Roles of the sun PowerPoint
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One way scientists classify stars is by their
color.
Stars can be blue, white, and yellow, to
orange and red.
The color of the star is a clue to how hot it is.
Another way scientists classify stars is by
their brightness.
Depends on how close it is to Earth
And how bright it actually is.
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A pattern of stars that is named after a religious
or mythical object or animal.
One set is visible from the Northern Hemisphere,
another is visible from the Southern Hemisphere.
(see PowerPoint called Constellation drawings)
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My- Mercury
Very- Venus
Excellent- Earth
Mother- Mars
Just- Jupiter
Served- Saturn
Us- Uranus
Nine- Neptune
Pizza’s- Pluto
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Planet- a body that revolves around a star.
We have 9 in our solar system.
A planet is held in its orbit by the
gravitational force between the planet and the
star.
Asteroid belt- a ring-shaped area where
many small, rocky bodies, or asteroids, are
located. It is located between the inner and
outer planets.
There are 4, they are rocky and dense.
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Mercury
Closest to the sun
 About the size of Earth’s moon.
 Almost no atmosphere and a surface covered
with craters and dust.
The side facing the sun is HOT!!- about 810
degrees F.
The side not facing the sun can be very cold.
About -290 degrees.
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Venus
The brightest object in the night sky, after
the moon.
About the same size as Earth and it’s rocky
Venus can be very hot, even hotter than
Mercury because Venus’s thick atmosphere
keeps heat from escaping.
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Earth
Only planet to support life, because of its
liquid water and atmosphere.
Earth’s atmosphere maintains temperatures
in which living things can survive.
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Mars
Called the red planet because of its reddish
soil.
Atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide.
Its valley’s are evidence that Mars once had
liquid water.
Has the largest volcano in the solar system
It has dust storms that can last for months.
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Beyond the asteroid belt
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
The first 4 are called gas giants because the
are composed mostly of hydrogen and
helium.
Jupiter
Largest planet in the solar system
Has rings and dozens of moons, including
Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar
system.
There is a huge storm on Jupiter that has
lasted for about 400 years.
The storm is called – The Great Red Spot
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Saturn
Best known for its rings, made of ice, dust,
boulders, and frozen gas.
Its rings stretch about 84,650 miles from the
center of the planet.
Has dozens of moons.
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Uranus
Many moons and rings
Rotates on an axis that is tilted much more
than those of other planets.
Looks like a top that has fallen over and is
still spinning.
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Several rings and moons
Has the fastest winds in the solar system.
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Pluto
Small and rocky
Unusual orbit. Sometimes is closer to the sun
than Neptune.
It has one moon, that is ½ its size.
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Just how far apart are they???
Bill Nye
School House Rock- Interplant Janet
Planets song
Planets song #2
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Universe- everything that exists- all the stars,
the planets, dust, gases, and energy.
Galaxy- is gas, dust, and a group of stars,
including any objects orbiting the stars.
Our galaxy is the Milky Way.
Scientists estimate that the universe contains
more than 100 billion galaxies.
See brain pop galaxies and Milky way
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4 basic types: spiral, barred spiral, elliptical,
and irregular.
Milky way is a spiral galaxy with a bulge of
stars in the center and rotating arms around
a disk. The sun is in one of the Milky Way
Galaxy’s spiral arms.
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Barred spiral galaxy is similar to a spiral
galaxy, but the spiral arms extend from a bar
of stars that stretches across the center.
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Elliptical galaxies- make up about half of all
galaxies.
Their shapes range from almost a sphere to a
flattened football shape.
They do not seem to rotate.
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Irregular galaxies are groups of stars with no
obvious shape.
Galaxies
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Is an object of extremely intense gravity.
They are so dense that even light gets pulled
into them.
Scientists concluded that a black hole forms
when a large star collapses.
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In 1609 the telescope was invented, this gave
people a closer look into space.
Russian satellite Sputnik 1 was launched into
Earth’s atmosphere in 1957.
1960’s- Russian and United States spacecraft
carried the first humans into space.
1969- U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong became
the first person to walk on the moon.
Scientists use telescopes, satellites, and
space probes to continue to explore space.