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Rebirth of Learning
1350-1600
Early
Middle Ages Europe
Kings
Lords
Bishops
Lower lords
Crusades
Black
Death
2nd Agr
Revolution
Peasants Parish priests New
Economy
Serfs
High
Kings
Lords
Bishops
GUILDS
(university)
journeyman
Lower lords
apprentice
laborers
Peasants
Parish priest
Townsmen
Trade and Commerce:
The Foundations of Town Life
 Centers for trade and shipping
 Purchase of luxury goods such
as silk, spices, ivory, and porcelain
 Guilds dominated social and
civic life of towns
 Guilds reflected importance of
Christianity in towns
Moneychanger and his Wife
by Quentin Massys
A) contributed to building
cathedrals
B) adopted patron saints and
sponsored parades in their honor
Kings
Lords
European Renaissance Kings
~1300- ~1700
Clergy
New wealth
Nobles
Bishops
GUILDS
(university)
journeyman
Lower lords
apprentice
laborers
Humanism Bourgeoisie
Art
lawyers
merchants
guildsmen
Printing
Proletariat
New Monarchs
Peasants
Parish priests
peasants
New Technologies
Townsmen
Town Life in the
Middle Ages
Town Life in the
Renaissance
1400
500 C.E.
SOCIETY
• Towns were small because
society was based on agriculture
and most people lived in the
countryside
• Nobles had most of the power
a) lords owned the land where
most towns were located
b) towns needed protection from
knights that lords could provide
• Status determined by birthright
POWER
1650
• Towns grew because society
began to be based on commerce
and more people started to live
in cities
• Middle class had most of the
power
a) limited the power of feudal lords
by forcing them to grant charters
b) gained control of great sums of
money by organizing banks
STATUS
• Status determined by wealth
and ability
What was the Renaissance?
Why did it begin in Italy?
•
•
•
Renaissance is a French word meaning
“rebirth.” It refers to a revival in arts
and learning
Period when scholars became interested
in ancient Greek and Roman culture
Italian city-states displayed their wealth
by giving financial support to artists who
created works with classical themes
New Wealth
1. Venice and Genoa
2. Followed by
Florence
Milan
Rome
3. Acceptance by church
of profit motive
St. Thomas Aquinas
Humanism
1. Individualism
Focus on man rather than God
Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man
(1463-94)
“You shall determine your own nature
without constraint from any barrier.”
Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier
How should the ideal man and woman behave?
2. Classicism
a. translation of Greek, Roman texts
b. Arab texts that used Greek and Roman
texts that no longer existed
-Ibn Sina, Averroes
3. Secularism- focus on world/not just heaven
*transforms education
Universities not just for educating clergy
The Arts
Renaissance Art and
Artists/Genius
Italian city-states/
Florence
de Medici family=
bankers, art patrons
Cathedral of Florence
the Duomo
Brunelleschi’s Dome
How did Florence become the most
influential city-state?
•
•
•
•
•
Maintained thriving industry in wool and silk
trade
Purchased luxury items from the East and sold
them for a large profit
Sold insurance to sea traders to protect their
overseas investments
Created numerous banks that made loans or
exchanged currencies
Medici family promoted trade, banking, the arts,
scholarship and civic pride
The Medici Family
• Made a fortune as merchants and bankers.
• Used their profits to promote trade, banking,
the arts, scholarship and civic pride.
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
Raphael’s “School of Athens”
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Euclid
Averroes
Pythagoras
Ptolemy
Massys’ “A Money Changer and His Wife”
Da Vinci’s “Proportional Study of Man in the
Manner of Vitruvius”
Durer’s
“Erasmus”
Bruegel’s “Summer”
1. Public Art
David as symbol of Florence (small citystate surrounded by large states)
Michelangelo
Donatello
2.
Perspective
Use of
geometric
proportions,
arrangements
Masaccio
Trinity with
the Virgin
1427
3. chiaroscuro
Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel ceiling
4. Biblical/classical themes
5. Realism
5. Realism/
Merchants as
subjects
Van Eyck’s The
Arnolfini Wedding
1434
Northern Renaissance
Printing
Chinese had
pioneered wood
block printing press
Gutenberg puts it
together with new
thicker inks and
moveable type
What about paper?
Northern Renaissance
•
•
•
•
•
Late 15th century
Van Eyck
Durer
Holbein’s Henry VIII
Brueghel
Satires were very
popular as well as
“how-to” books
Renaissance Literature
Writing in the Vernacular (not Latin)
Petrarch—sonnets
Dante—The Divine Comedy
Erasmus—Father of Humanism
wrote “In Praise of Folly”
Machiavelli The Prince 1512
realpolitick observations of how politics really
worked in Florence and rest of Europe
“…it is much safer to be feared than loved..”
“A prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by so
doing it would be against his interest..”
“…one who deceives will always find those who allow
themselves to be deceived.”
principle=the end justifies the means
New Technologies
1. Caravel and lateen (triangular) sail from Arab
dhows combine with straight sternpost, stern
rudder, and square sails of northern Europe
Dhow
Caravel
2. New maps portolani
– sailing maps
• 3. Applications for gunpowder
cannons- cannonballs by 14th century
Galileo’s
telescope
First portable clocks developed in Florence, Italy, in 1410
by Brunelleschi. Before this time, mechanical clocks were large,
fixed devices. The spring- driven clock made it possible to carry
the time around with you.
Renaissance Ends
• Invasions by French, Spanish and Holy
Roman Empire sap strength of Italian citystates
• Italy lost monopoly on trade routes--wealth
decreases
• Catholic Reformation stifles creativity with
Forbidden Books list and Inquisition