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Transcript
The Renaissance Cultural Awakening & Church Response Foundational Concepts • Name: Renaissance – • Implies a rebirth Locus – Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe – Narrowly: 14th Century in Italy Foundational Concepts • Nature Theo-centric concentration Anthropocentric view of life Corporate-sacred focus Individualistic-secular focus Pessimistic Optimistic way of living (fearful/superstitious) (experimental/hypothesizing) Futuristic thinking Present thinking Foundational Concepts • Sources 1. Economic transformation 2. Centralizing governments 3. Rise of Italian merchant cities as independent republics 4. Proliferation of written materials 5. Nominalism replaced “realism” as philosophical foundation Renaissance and Humanism • Tendency to place humans (humanity) at the center of the universe • In 14-16th c. humanism implied a literary methodology • Term evolved to mean “the study of the humanities” Expressions/forms of Humanism • Literary • Scientific • Classical • Italian (cultural/artistic humanism) Contributions of Humanism 1. New curriculum in universities 2. Preserved classical literature 3. Textual criticism emerged as important science (Lorenzo Valla) 4. Historical Awareness 5. Literary form and style 6. Revolutionized science (Galileo) 7. Repositioned foundation of cultural morality (Machiavelli) Figures of Italian Renaissance • Petrarch (1304-1374) – • Founder of Renaissance humanism Boccaccio (1313-1375) – • Launched Greek classic revival (Decameron) Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) – • Director of Platonic Academy in Florence Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) – Wrote The Dignity of Man Renaissance flowering in arts • Giotto – (1266-1336) The Death of St. Francis Renaissance flowering in arts • Giotto – (1266-1336) The Lamentation of Christ Renaissance flowering in arts • Leonardo da Vinci – Last Supper (1452-1519) Renaissance flowering in arts • Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa (1452-1519) Renaissance flowering in arts • Raphael – (1483-1520) Julian Apartments at St. Peter’s Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo – (1475-1564) Sculptures: • David, Moses, Pieta David Moses Pieta Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo – Paintings: • Sistine Chapel (1475-1564) Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo – (1475-1564) Structures: • St. Peter’s Basilica Renaissance flowering in arts • Michelangelo – (1475-1564) Clothing: • Papal Swiss Guard Renaissance flowering in arts • Bernini (1598-1680) – St. Peter’s Chair, Baldacchino – St. Peter’s Square – Colonnades – Palazzo Senatorio – Ecstasy of St. Teresa St. Peter’s Cathedra Baldacchino Ecstasy of St. Teresa Renaissance – Papal Ambitions • Nine Infamous Popes of the Renaissance 1. Nicholas V (1447-55) 2. Calixtus III (1455-58) 3. Pius II (1458-64) 4. Paul II (1464-71) 5. Sixtus IV (1471-84) 6. Innocent VIII (1484-92) 7. Alexander VI (Borgia) (1492-1503) 8. Julius II (1503-1513) 9. Leo X (1513-1521) Renaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism • Links bridging two expressions of humanism – Foreign correspondence of Italian humanists – Printed books, originating in places like Aldine press in Venice – European scholars Renaissance Adaptation: Northern Humanism • Three Ideals 1. Concern for bonae litterae (good/fine literature) 2. Emphasized religious program directed towards revival of the Christian church 3. Struck a pacifistic note in most areas Key Figures: Northern Humanism • John Colet (1467-1519) • Thomas Moore (1478-1535) • Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522) • Erasmus (1466-1536) – Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1503) – Praise of Folly (1511) – Greek New Testament (Lorenzo Valla influence) (1516) – Colloquies (1518) – On Free Will (c. 1524) “Laid the egg that Luther hatched” Renaissance Resistance: Mystical Alternative • Quest – • Direct contact with God / Practice the presence of God Two Forms – – • Psychological – emotional union Philosophical – essential union Causes – – – Reaction against scholastic excesses of rationalism Nominalism’s emphasis on individual and limits of reason Protest against troubled times in the church and society Influential Mystics • John (Meister) Eckhart (1260-1327) – • Father of German mysticism Julian of Norwich (1342-1423) – • Greatest woman mystic of middle ages Catherine of Siena (1347-1380) – • Latin mysticism (emotional) at its best John of Ruysbroeck (1293-1381) – • Influenced mystical movement in Holland Gerard Groote (1340-1384) – • Modern Devotion movement / Brethren of Common Life Thomas A’Kempis (1380-1471) – Imitation of Christ Consequences of Mysticism 1. Emphasis on subjectiveness of Gospel message 2. Tended to substitute inner authority for the Bible (minimized doctrine) 3. Could become too passivistic -no outward action to match inward reflection I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying. The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus (1515-1582) Renaissance Resistance: Ultra-Conservatives Garolano Savonarola (1452-1498) • Background • Ministry Career • Political entanglements • Penitential city of Florence – Burning of the Vanities • Downfall and death (May 23, 1498) • Message in his life and death Published Photos Via “Sacred Destinations” [Select Photos via Public Domain & Wikipedia] Free use for schools and churches Teachers and students may use any image of our images for class presentations, projects, lectures, homework - basically anything directly school-related - under Fair Use. Churches, synagogues and other nonprofit organizations may also use our photos free of charge within the church or organization, such as in sermons, Bible studies, presentations, etc. It is not necessary to ask permission for these uses, but please be sure to cite the source for the photo as Sacred Destinations, including the URL (www.sacred-destinations.com).