Download The Renaissance, Reformation, and Exploration

The Renaissance
Primavera by Botticelli
The Italian Renaissance
Renaissance means
“rebirth” or revival
 Began in Italy
 Lasted from 1350-1550
 The classics from Greece
and Rome were revived
 Art, literature, learning
 Spread throughout
Europe
 Began in HMA rather than
distinct “break”
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Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy
Features of the Renaissance
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Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization
Emphasized reason, questioning,
experimentation and free inquiry (in contrast to
MA faith, authority, tradition)
Glorified the individual & worldly pleasures
Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not
just in preparation for the afterlife
Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just
religious affairs
Great works of art, literature, and science
Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance
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Urban society
Secular-worldly
Recovery from the
disasters of the 14th
century
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Siena, Italy
Piazza del Campo
Black Death
Political disorder
Economic recession
New view of human
beings and individual
ability
Why Italy?
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Failed to unite under one monarchy; separate,
independent city-states; urban society
Center of Greco-Roman world – had sculpture,
buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited
curiosity about heritage
Located on Mediterranean – absorbed
stimulating ideas from Byzantine & Muslim
worlds
Benefited from revival of trade that resulted
from Crusades
Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts
The Italian States: Milan
14th century-Visconti
family – great wealth and
power over Lombardy
 Last Visconti dies in 1447
 Francesco Sforza
(condottiere-leader of a
band of mercenaries)
conquers Milan and
becomes duke
 Built a strong, centralized
state
 Efficient tax system
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Duomo in Milan, Italy
The Italian States: Venice
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San Marco in Venice, Italy
Grew wealthy from
trading
Small group of merchantaristocrats ran the
government on behalf of
their own interests
Trade empire brought
enormous revenues
Became an international
power
The Italian States: Florence
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The preeminent
Renaissance city
Medici family amassed a
fortune in wool trade
Cosimo and later Lorenzo
(the magnificent) de
Medici were outstanding
patrons of the arts
Powerful and influential
family
Duomo in Florence, Italy
Machiavelli
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Wrote The Prince
Concerned with political power
and how to get it and keep it
Rejected the MA view that
rulers behave on Christian,
moral values
Must understand human
nature
A ruler acts on behalf of the
state, therefore, he should let
his own conscience sleep
Profound influence on political
leaders in the Western world
The end justifies the means
Machiavelli
Other Literary Figures
Cervantes – Spanish, Don Quixote,
ridiculed medieval society, especially
knighthood
 Shakespeare – English, poet and
playwright; used sonnets, dramatic
techniques to probe historical events
(Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar,
Macbeth, Midsummer Night’s Dream)
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The Making of Renaissance Society:
Clergy and Nobility
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Clergy & Nobility held
most power; 10%
Castiglione describe the
perfect noble in his work
Isabella d’Este
The Book of the Courtier
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Born, not made
Work to be a warrior
Have a classical education
Standards of conduct
Serve his prince in an
effective and honest way
Pietro Medici
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Peasants and Townspeople
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About 90% of the
population
Serfdom declined and
more peasants were
becoming free
Townspeople were
divided also
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Patricians-wealthy traders,
industry, and bankingdominated communities
Burghers-shopkeepers,
artisans, guild membersmiddle class
Impoverished-unemployed,
pitiful wages, 30-40% pop.
Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin Massys
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Family and Marriage
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The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael
Parents carefully arranged
marriages to strengthen
business or family ties
Details were worked out when
children were 2 or 3 years old
Legally binding
Dowry- money given by the
wife’s family to the husband
upon marriage
Father was the center of family
Children became adults when
they were legally freed
Mother’s role was to supervise
the household
Italian Renaissance Humanism
Humanism was an intellectual & literary
movement based upon the study of the
classics
 Humanists studied the liberal arts grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy,
mathematics, history
 Concerned w/everyday human problems
 Reflected the values of urban society
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Humanists
Petrarch – father of humanism; studied classics
and wrote in Latin; sonnets expressed love and
appreciation of nature
 Erasmus – Dutch, Praise of Folly, ridiculed
superstition, prejudice, upper class privilege &
church abuses; encouraged thoughts of reform
 Sir Thomas More – Utopia, an ideal society, free
from war, injustice, poverty, ignorance
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Education in the Renaissance
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Gutenberg (bible) –
moveable type; changes
the world
Humanists wrote books
and opened schools
based on their ideas
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Johannes
Gutenberg
History, Philosophy
Rhetoric, Poetry
Astronomy
Music
Mathematics
Some women did attend
humanists schools
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Vernacular Language
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Vernacular (national)
language spoken in their
own regions
Began to compete with
Latin
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Eventually replaced it
Geoffrey Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Boccaccio’s The
Decameron (plague)
Rabelais – Pantagruel &
Gargantua (comedy)
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio
Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
Dome of the Duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Frescoes - paintings done
on fresh, wet plaster with
water based paints
Mosaccio
Figures had the illusion of
being three dimensional
Two major achievements
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Perspective
Movement and human
anatomy
Architects were inspired
by the buildings of
ancient Rome (San
Lorenzo)
School of Athens by Raphael
Interior of
San Lorenzo by
Brunelleschi
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Mastery of techniques
for a realistic
portrayal of the world
Pieta
By
Michelangelo
Rome, Italy
DaVinci dissected
human bodies to study
anatomy
 Glorified the human
body
 Ideal Renaissance Man
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Ospedale degli Innocenti
Designed by Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Last
Judgement
By
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel
Rome, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Michelangelo
Italian Artists cont.
Giotto – religious
themes
 Donatello – sculptor;
copied ancient Greeks
 DaVinci – the ideal
Renaissance man
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Painter, sculptor,
architect, engineer,
musician, scientist
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Self-Portrait, The Last
Supper, The Mona Lisa
DaVinci’s The Last Supper
Italian Artists cont.
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Michelangelo – painter,
sculptor, poet, architect
Sistine Chapel, The Pieta
(shown previously)
Titian – portraits; the
Assumption of the Virgin
Raphael – tranquil beauty
in religious works – the
Sistine Madonna
Titian – Assumption of the Virgin
Raphael’s Sistine Madonna
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
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Skilled in painting
details
Did not fully
understand
perspective
Jan Van EyckFlanders; oils
Albrecht Durer Germany – painter &
metal & wood
engraver
Jan Van Eyck
Giovanni Arnolfini
and his Bride
Albrecht Durer
Northern Artists cont.
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Rembrandt – Dutch,
lights and shadow, life
of common people
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The Night Watch, The
Anatomy Lesson
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Holbein – German –
lifelike portraits of
famous people
Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson
Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus
Breughel’s Children’s Games
Durer’s Adoration of the Magi
Durer’s Self Portrait
Van Eyck’s Madonna….
Raphael’s Self Portrait
The Reformation
Reformation
Typical medieval question: What must I
do to be saved?
 Martin Luther and others have a different
answer to this question than what the
Catholic Church believed.
 Eventually creates a complete break with
the Catholic Church and destroys religious
unity in the Western Christian World.
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Background
Christian Humanism (or humanism) had
already begun changes
 People could REASON and improve
themselves
 Desiderius Erasmus – should live good
daily lives rather than focus on being
saved
 Praise of Folly – criticized church abuses,
wanted reform not to destroy church
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Problems
Popes involved in politics; less spiritual
 Spent $ on art, architecture (St. Peter’s
Basilica)
 Held multiple positions in church
(pluralism), absenteeism, neglected
religious jobs.
 *Indulgences – could “pay” for forgiveness
 *Relics – bones, objects, etc. of saints
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Martin Luther
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Entered monastery; studies Bible
CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good
deeds are need for salvation
ML believed humans could never do enough
good deeds to achieve this
Not saved by good works but through FAITH in
God, made possible through sacrifices of Jesus.
Salvation by faith alone – chief teachings of
Protestant Reformation; Bible is chief guide
Luther cont.
Posted “95 Theses” to Church door at
Wittenberg (Germany)
 Attacked indulgences, rituals, etc.
 Excommunicated in 1521
 Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor calls ML
before legislature (Reichstag) in Worms
 Luther does not recant
 Sentenced to be burned at stake
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Luther cont
Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years
later
 Set up new services to replace Catholic
mass, marries
 Charles V troubled by war w/France
 1555 – Peace of Augsburg – the division
of the Church is now complete
 Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but
not really tolerant of each other)
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New Protestant Groups
Switzerland – Ulrich Zwingli
 Zwinglianism – extreme changes; religious
images abolished, paintings removed, no
mass, (instead scripture readings, prayer,
sermons), no monasteries, pilgrimages,
pope’s authority rejected
 Conflict – Zwingli killed, burned
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New Protestant Groups cont.
John Calvin – Calvinism (also Switzerland)
 Very similar to Luther but absolute
sovereignty of God
 Predestination – already determined if you
were to be saved or damned
 To be sure, lived good, pious (religious)
life
 Spread quickly
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England
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Split occurs for political not religious reasons
King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted
annulment from wife #1 (Catherine of Aragon);
daughter Mary; no male heir
Wants to marry Anne Boleyn
Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with
Church
Act of Supremacy – King is head of church –
seized lands and sold!
Marries #2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth)
Henry VIII cont.
Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery)
 #3 – Jane Seymour – finally a male heir
(Edward VI); she dies in childbirth
 #4 – Anne of Cleves – arranged marriage
based on portrait. When he saw her, he
divorced her 
 #5 – Catherine Howard – beheaded
 #6 – Catherine Parr – she outlives him
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England cont.
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Edward VI (his only son); sickly, becomes king
at age 9
Allows clergy to marry
Mary (from 1st marriage) staunchly Catholic
“Bloody Mary” – married to Phillip II Spain
(Europe’s “most Catholic King”)
Burned 300 Protestant churches
Had reverse effect – England becomes more
Protestant
King Henry VIII
Of England
Portrait by Hans
Holbein
“Bloody Mary” –
Daughter of
Henry VIII and
Catherine of
Aragon
Phillip II
Of Spain
Edward VI – son
Of Henry VIII &
Jane Seymour
Queen Elizabeth
England – child of
Henry VIII and Ann
Boleyn
Other Protestants
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Anabaptists
 Christians
are a voluntary community of
believers
 Therefore adults should be baptized not
children
 All members are equal
 Complete separation of Church and state
(radical)
 Thou shall not kill – literally
 Extremists- hated by Catholics & Lutheran
Impact of Reformation
Clergy can marry so family becomes highly
important
 Women’s holy vocation – bear children
 Abolished indulgences, relics & saints,
pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy
 Catholic Church loses some power
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Catholic (Counter)Reformation
To regain authority of Catholic Church
 Jesuits – (Ignatius Loyola) – absolute
devotion to the Church; missionaries to
spread faith
 Reformed papacy – corruption, finances,
involvement in politics, etc.
 Council of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional
Catholic teachings
 Strong and ready to do battle for souls!
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