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The Renaissance Primavera by Botticelli The Italian Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” or revival Began in Italy Lasted from 1350-1550 The classics from Greece and Rome were revived Art, literature, learning Spread throughout Europe Began in HMA rather than distinct “break” Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy Features of the Renaissance Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation and free inquiry (in contrast to MA faith, authority, tradition) Glorified the individual & worldly pleasures Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not just in preparation for the afterlife Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just religious affairs Great works of art, literature, and science Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Urban society Secular-worldly Recovery from the disasters of the 14th century Siena, Italy Piazza del Campo Black Death Political disorder Economic recession New view of human beings and individual ability Why Italy? Failed to unite under one monarchy; separate, independent city-states; urban society Center of Greco-Roman world – had sculpture, buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited curiosity about heritage Located on Mediterranean – absorbed stimulating ideas from Byzantine & Muslim worlds Benefited from revival of trade that resulted from Crusades Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts The Italian States: Milan 14th century-Visconti family – great wealth and power over Lombardy Last Visconti dies in 1447 Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke Built a strong, centralized state Efficient tax system Duomo in Milan, Italy The Italian States: Venice San Marco in Venice, Italy Grew wealthy from trading Small group of merchantaristocrats ran the government on behalf of their own interests Trade empire brought enormous revenues Became an international power The Italian States: Florence The preeminent Renaissance city Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts Powerful and influential family Duomo in Florence, Italy Machiavelli Wrote The Prince Concerned with political power and how to get it and keep it Rejected the MA view that rulers behave on Christian, moral values Must understand human nature A ruler acts on behalf of the state, therefore, he should let his own conscience sleep Profound influence on political leaders in the Western world The end justifies the means Machiavelli Other Literary Figures Cervantes – Spanish, Don Quixote, ridiculed medieval society, especially knighthood Shakespeare – English, poet and playwright; used sonnets, dramatic techniques to probe historical events (Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Midsummer Night’s Dream) The Making of Renaissance Society: Clergy and Nobility Clergy & Nobility held most power; 10% Castiglione describe the perfect noble in his work Isabella d’Este The Book of the Courtier Born, not made Work to be a warrior Have a classical education Standards of conduct Serve his prince in an effective and honest way Pietro Medici The Making of Renaissance Society: Peasants and Townspeople About 90% of the population Serfdom declined and more peasants were becoming free Townspeople were divided also Patricians-wealthy traders, industry, and bankingdominated communities Burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild membersmiddle class Impoverished-unemployed, pitiful wages, 30-40% pop. Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin Massys The Making of Renaissance Society: Family and Marriage The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael Parents carefully arranged marriages to strengthen business or family ties Details were worked out when children were 2 or 3 years old Legally binding Dowry- money given by the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage Father was the center of family Children became adults when they were legally freed Mother’s role was to supervise the household Italian Renaissance Humanism Humanism was an intellectual & literary movement based upon the study of the classics Humanists studied the liberal arts grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, mathematics, history Concerned w/everyday human problems Reflected the values of urban society Humanists Petrarch – father of humanism; studied classics and wrote in Latin; sonnets expressed love and appreciation of nature Erasmus – Dutch, Praise of Folly, ridiculed superstition, prejudice, upper class privilege & church abuses; encouraged thoughts of reform Sir Thomas More – Utopia, an ideal society, free from war, injustice, poverty, ignorance Education in the Renaissance Gutenberg (bible) – moveable type; changes the world Humanists wrote books and opened schools based on their ideas Johannes Gutenberg History, Philosophy Rhetoric, Poetry Astronomy Music Mathematics Some women did attend humanists schools Gutenberg’s Printing Press Vernacular Language Vernacular (national) language spoken in their own regions Began to compete with Latin Eventually replaced it Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Dante’s Divine Comedy Boccaccio’s The Decameron (plague) Rabelais – Pantagruel & Gargantua (comedy) The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci Dome of the Duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints Mosaccio Figures had the illusion of being three dimensional Two major achievements Perspective Movement and human anatomy Architects were inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) School of Athens by Raphael Interior of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal of the world Pieta By Michelangelo Rome, Italy DaVinci dissected human bodies to study anatomy Glorified the human body Ideal Renaissance Man Ospedale degli Innocenti Designed by Brunelleschi Florence, Italy The Artistic Renaissance in Italy The Last Judgement By Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Rome, Italy The Artistic Renaissance in Italy The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Michelangelo Italian Artists cont. Giotto – religious themes Donatello – sculptor; copied ancient Greeks DaVinci – the ideal Renaissance man Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, musician, scientist Self-Portrait, The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa DaVinci’s The Last Supper Italian Artists cont. Michelangelo – painter, sculptor, poet, architect Sistine Chapel, The Pieta (shown previously) Titian – portraits; the Assumption of the Virgin Raphael – tranquil beauty in religious works – the Sistine Madonna Titian – Assumption of the Virgin Raphael’s Sistine Madonna The Northern Artistic Renaissance Skilled in painting details Did not fully understand perspective Jan Van EyckFlanders; oils Albrecht Durer Germany – painter & metal & wood engraver Jan Van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride Albrecht Durer Northern Artists cont. Rembrandt – Dutch, lights and shadow, life of common people The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson Holbein – German – lifelike portraits of famous people Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus Breughel’s Children’s Games Durer’s Adoration of the Magi Durer’s Self Portrait Van Eyck’s Madonna…. Raphael’s Self Portrait The Reformation Reformation Typical medieval question: What must I do to be saved? Martin Luther and others have a different answer to this question than what the Catholic Church believed. Eventually creates a complete break with the Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in the Western Christian World. Background Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already begun changes People could REASON and improve themselves Desiderius Erasmus – should live good daily lives rather than focus on being saved Praise of Folly – criticized church abuses, wanted reform not to destroy church Problems Popes involved in politics; less spiritual Spent $ on art, architecture (St. Peter’s Basilica) Held multiple positions in church (pluralism), absenteeism, neglected religious jobs. *Indulgences – could “pay” for forgiveness *Relics – bones, objects, etc. of saints Martin Luther Entered monastery; studies Bible CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good deeds are need for salvation ML believed humans could never do enough good deeds to achieve this Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God, made possible through sacrifices of Jesus. Salvation by faith alone – chief teachings of Protestant Reformation; Bible is chief guide Luther cont. Posted “95 Theses” to Church door at Wittenberg (Germany) Attacked indulgences, rituals, etc. Excommunicated in 1521 Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor calls ML before legislature (Reichstag) in Worms Luther does not recant Sentenced to be burned at stake Luther cont Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later Set up new services to replace Catholic mass, marries Charles V troubled by war w/France 1555 – Peace of Augsburg – the division of the Church is now complete Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really tolerant of each other) New Protestant Groups Switzerland – Ulrich Zwingli Zwinglianism – extreme changes; religious images abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no monasteries, pilgrimages, pope’s authority rejected Conflict – Zwingli killed, burned New Protestant Groups cont. John Calvin – Calvinism (also Switzerland) Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty of God Predestination – already determined if you were to be saved or damned To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life Spread quickly England Split occurs for political not religious reasons King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment from wife #1 (Catherine of Aragon); daughter Mary; no male heir Wants to marry Anne Boleyn Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with Church Act of Supremacy – King is head of church – seized lands and sold! Marries #2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth) Henry VIII cont. Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery) #3 – Jane Seymour – finally a male heir (Edward VI); she dies in childbirth #4 – Anne of Cleves – arranged marriage based on portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her #5 – Catherine Howard – beheaded #6 – Catherine Parr – she outlives him England cont. Edward VI (his only son); sickly, becomes king at age 9 Allows clergy to marry Mary (from 1st marriage) staunchly Catholic “Bloody Mary” – married to Phillip II Spain (Europe’s “most Catholic King”) Burned 300 Protestant churches Had reverse effect – England becomes more Protestant King Henry VIII Of England Portrait by Hans Holbein “Bloody Mary” – Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Phillip II Of Spain Edward VI – son Of Henry VIII & Jane Seymour Queen Elizabeth England – child of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn Other Protestants Anabaptists Christians are a voluntary community of believers Therefore adults should be baptized not children All members are equal Complete separation of Church and state (radical) Thou shall not kill – literally Extremists- hated by Catholics & Lutheran Impact of Reformation Clergy can marry so family becomes highly important Women’s holy vocation – bear children Abolished indulgences, relics & saints, pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy Catholic Church loses some power Catholic (Counter)Reformation To regain authority of Catholic Church Jesuits – (Ignatius Loyola) – absolute devotion to the Church; missionaries to spread faith Reformed papacy – corruption, finances, involvement in politics, etc. Council of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Strong and ready to do battle for souls!