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Unit 1 What is the Renaissance? Italy offers new opportunities Urban centers Power of merchant guilds and patronage Production and Consumption THE PLAGUE and impacts Overproduction and under consumption Mass consumer society Parentage and Gender Childhood Wet-nurse “nuclear family?” Marriage and the Family Life of Daughters – rich vs. Poor Marriage and Dowry Marriage age and issues with men The QUALITY OF LIFE Food Role of Roman Catholic Church Solidarity of City-State and Church Celebration of Individual Love of classical learning Enjoyment of worldly pleasures RENAISSANCE IDEALS HUMANISM philology and rhetoric vs. Scholasticism Castiglione – Book of the Courtier Ideal Man Ideal Woman Studying the Classical World Historiography and classical world Petrarch Leonardo Bruni Lorenzo Valla and philology Civil Humanism What is it? Leon Battista Alberti Text-based knowledge vs. experiment based Hippocrates and Galen – PADUA The Body Humors and bleeding Experimentation – Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology): Pages from his Notebook An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature. Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook Niccolo Machiavelli Background Council of Ten – diplomacy Fall of Republic 1512 and outcomes THE PRINCE The Politics of the City-States The Five Powers Venice: A Seaborne Empire Florence: Cloth to Gold The Kingdom of Naples Quattocento -- ?? The Medici rule Florence – city-states Cosimo de Medici Lorenzo de Medici Beautification of Florence Brunelleschi Donatello Masaccio and perspective Lorenzo the Magnificent 1478 - 1521 Cosimo de Medici 1517 - 1574 Florence Under the Medici Medici Chapel The Medici Palace Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436 Architect Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. Used unique architectural concepts. He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome. Used ribs for support. Brunelleschi’s Dome Other Famous Domes Il Duomo (Florence) St. Peter’s (Rome) St. Paul’s (London) US capital (Washington) The Ideal City Piero della Francesca, 1470 A Contest to Decorate the Cathedral: Sacrifice of Isaac Panels Brunelleschi Ghiberti Ghiberti – Gates of Paradise Baptistry Door, Florence – 1425 - 1452 The Winner! 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture! 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Sfumato Chiaroscuro 2. Perspective The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. Perspective Renaissance in Northern Europe – oil -based Christian Humanism – Erasmus; Sir Thomas More Royal courts and German masters – Durer; Holbein Flanders – Van Eyck; Pieter Bruegel Elder End of the Renaissance RENAISSANCE MUSIC The Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education. Leonardo, the Inventor: Pages from his Notebook Man Can Fly? Leonardo, the Engineer: A study of siege defenses. Pages from his Notebook Studies of water-lifting devices. Exploration and the Formation of States Age of Exploration (how part of Renaissance) Factors encouraging exploration Search for spices and profits Christianity New technology The Slave Trade Portuguese explore Africa to India Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama SPAIN Christopher Columbus and Columbian Exchange Aztecs and Hernan Cortez Francisco Pizarro and Inca De Leon and Florida Hernando de Soto; SE U.S. Coronado and the SW Pedro de Valdivia and Ines Suarez; SA Governing an Empire – Council of the Indies; viceroy encomienda Treaty of Tordesillas (1493) Amerigo Vespucci Vasco Nunez de Balboa Pedro Alvares Cabral and Brazil Ferdinand Magellan French Exploration Samuel de Champlain Marquette and Joliet Robert La Salle NEW FRANCE Sir Walter Raleigh – Roanoke Colony (1587) John Cabot 1607 – Jamestown Dutch Exploration and Trade -- Dutch East India Company; West India Company IMPACTS of Exploration The Principality of Muscovy (Muscovites) Ivan III (1462-1505) Rise of a powerful state Ivan IV “The Terrible” Defeat of enemies Mongols Poland-Lithuania Society: Boyars; military; peasants “war” against the boyars Consolidation of power Casimir IV and Vladislav II Union of Crowns vs. Union of States Issues with Hungary and Bohemia Reasons for no unification?? The War of the Roses (1455-1485) House of Lancaster vs. House of York Mad King Henry VI (1422-1461) King Edward IV – Edward V --- Richard III Richard vs. Henry Tudor – Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) King Henry VIII – Parliament and Partnership Acts of Attainder Tunnage and Poundage Peace and Prosperiety Commercial Policy Diplomatic marriages Court of the Star Chamber 3 Major Plots against the Crown Lambert Sinnel (1487) PerkinWarbeck (1489-1497) Ralph Wilford (1496-97) Irish Policy views and Poyning’s Law KING HENRY VIII Royal Marriage Early moves of new King Cardinal John Wolsey and Henry VIII Changes in the tax system Diplomacy and Warfare: France Battle of Flodden Field -- 1512 Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520) and outcomes Unification of France Problems with French Unification Provincialism External threats Hundred Years War Dukes of Burgundy (family feud – Valois) CONSOLIDATION Louis XI (1461-1483) “the Spider” Taille , gabelle, aide (taxation) struggles of Charles the Bold (Burgundy) – Rise of National Army expansion of Ile de France (1461-1527) dynastic marriage and conflict Struggles in Iberian Peninsula Muslim (Moors) State divisions Religions and language FERDINAND AND ISABELLA (1479) – Castile and Aragon Dealings with Moors – Reconquista and Spanish Inquisition High Profile and involved monarchs Emperor Charles V (1516-1556) Change in governance of Spain Wealth of new world and military DYNASTIC STRUGGLES New Technologies in warfare New ways/strategy of war vs. old ways/tradition THE BIG THREE THE ITALIAN WARS France – Charles VIII and Milan (1494) Division of Naples Francis I vs. HRE Charles V Issues/alliances/divisions Henry VIII and alliance Building – Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520) Alliance and battle (1523) – Battle of Pavia Treaty of Madrid (1526) England “two-faced” Ottoman Threats – Suleiman the Magnificent Treaty of Cateau –Cambresis 1559 outcomes