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Transcript
Renaissance and Reformation February 20, 2014 Essential Question • What does the term “Renaissance” mean? • Why is the Renaissance period so significant in European history? The Renaissance • Renaissance- literally means “rebirth.” • The Renaissance occurred in Europe (beginning in Italy) from about 1350 to about 1550. • This was a time period when European society focused a tremendous amount of time, money, and effort in trying to figure out how to make life and society better. • As a result, this time period saw a tremendous explosion in learning, art, and literature. • During this era, European society changed more than in the preceding 1,000 years. The Renaissance • Many of history’s most influential thinkers, writers, and artists came out of this period. • Men such as: • Machiavelli, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Johannes Gutenberg, William Shakespeare-and many others • New ideas about the worth of the individual, rights of individuals, and the responsibilities of government began to be formulated and discussed Think, Pair, Share • In the space provided on your advance organizer, give a quick response to these questions: • Why do you think the Renaissance occurred when it did? • Why do you think the Renaissance began where it did? • When I direct you, pair with the student next to you and discuss your responses. • Upon my direction, pairs will meet with another pair and discuss responses. Ticket Out The Door • In the space provided, list at least 3-5 things about the Renaissance which you are curious about (things you would really like to know, or questions which you really want answered). • Make sure your name is upon your paper. • Give me your paper on the way out of the door (upon my dismissal, not the bell) Essential Question • How does an increase in wealth also often lead to an increase in learning? ?? Think About This… • What would you do if you had $1 million to spend however you wanted or to do with whatever you wanted? Where would you go? What would you do? How would you spend it? What would you invest in? Read & Respond • Read pgs. 611-613 “The Rise of Italy’s City-States” • As you read, construct a Cause/Effect Chart with at least 5 Cause & Effect Relationships • Use the following questions to guide you in the construction of your Cause/Effect chart: • Why and How did Italy’s city-states become wealthy? • What happened to Italian city-states as a result of this newfound wealth? Essential Question • Who was Marco Polo? • How does Marco Polo’s life illustrate the renewed interest of Europeans in other lands and cultures? Game Time • • • • • Divide into 2 teams I need a volunteer assistant We will be playing “Around the World” Listen carefully to rules No cheating!! Marco Polo • Born in 1254 to a wealthy merchant family in Venice, Italy • At age 17 (in 1271), Marco traveled with his father and uncle to China-to the court of the great Kublai Khan-grandson of Ghengis Khan • Marco wouldn’t return to Venice for 23 years (in 1294) • Worked for the Khan as a special envoy- meaning he carried out duties for the Khan and traveled to the far reaches of his empire • Eventually authored a book, The Travels of Marco Polo, where he told of his travels-what he had seen and where he had been. Marco Polo • In his lifetime, most people did not believe Marco Polo • Still, he represents the renewed interest of Europeans in other lands and cultures. How? • Renewed trade between East and West • His stories sparked the interest of later explorers Wealth Within Cities • Essential Question: What impact did the Medici family have on the Renaissance, specifically in the areas of art and literature? Suppose: • You live in a city that has only recently started recovering from a terrible tragedy in which many citizens died. You believe the city can not only recover, but can actually become much better than it ever was before. To accomplish this, though, you know the city needs to have two things: (1) a vision for the future and (2) pride in itself and its accomplishments. You believe that both of these things can be reached easily by rebuilding a public venue for arts and entertainment. Your idea is grand: build in the most modern style, decorate with the most lavish paintings and sculptures, and make it the home and showcase of the world’s top artists. Simple, right? What 1 thing must you have to make your dreams become reality? Necessity of Finance • Nothing ever gets accomplished without the proper financing in place-either in modern times or historically. • The Renaissance would never have occurred without the growing wealth of Italian city-states to finance learning and arts. • By far, the most wealthy and powerful city during the Renaissance was Florence (Italy). • The family that controlled Florence during much of this time period was the Medici family- who rose to prominence as bankers! Medici Family • Came to prominence as bankers and business owners in Florence • They became the “bankers” of the Renaissance • They sponsored many of the artists who created the great masterpieces of art associated with the Renaissance. (Patronage) • Also sponsored or financed other craftsmen and the knowledge and research that made possible the creation of great works Renaissance Government • Essential Question(s) • According to Machiavelli, what was the ultimate purpose and function of government? • Why did he feel that way? • How did he propose government should act towards its citizens? • How are these ideas alike/different from modern ideas of government? Urban Nobles and Renaissance Government • Rich merchants and land owning nobles blended to form the upper class of Italy’s city-states. • At first, city-states were republics-government controlled by its citizens (select few were actually citizens) • Eventually turned to more of a dictator style of governmentwhere one powerful man controlled the government. • Rulers had to keep the poor from rebelling and other wealthy families/individuals from seizing power. • This required them to make deals with everyone-merchants, landlords, bankers, church officials, etc. • Also had to deal with the leaders of other city-states (diplomacy) Machiavelli’s Ideas of Government • Government official from Florence • Wrote a book called The Prince • People are greedy and self-centered • Rulers should not try to be good • Should do whatever is necessary to keep power and protect city Renaissance Humanism • Essential Questions: • What is Humanism? • How did Humanism impact European civilization? Renaissance Humanism • Humanism- Renaissance movement based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans, such as that individuals and human society were important. • Basically, humanism is a way of looking at the world that focuses on the worth and ability of the individual and upon human accomplishments • This was a new way of understanding the world-as opposed to the medieval way of understanding the world, which was based upon the Catholic Church • Why do you suppose the rise of humanism occurred when it did? Renaissance Humanism • Question: Since humanism is a focus on the worth and ability of the individual and the importance of society rather than on religious values, were Renaissance humanists anti-religious? • Answer: No. This is important to understand—Renaissance humanists still considered themselves to be members of the Catholic Church and in fact often were very devoutly religious with many being priests or other religious officials. However, they believed that the person and what the person could accomplish was important and not simply the ideas and desires of the Catholic Church and its leadership. Renaissance Humanism • Francesco Petrarch Considered the Father of Renaissance Humanism Poet and Scholar (and priest) who lived in the 1300s Studied the ancient Roman writers (like Cicero) Wrote biographies of famous Romans Encouraged Europeans to search for Latin manuscripts in monasteries across Europe • Through his efforts, many ancient manuscripts were found and new libraries were built to house them • As the knowledge contained within these manuscripts became known, more people began studying ancient works- both in books, buildings, statues, etc- to gain knowledge. • • • • • Renaissance Humanism • So, what did humanists study? • Art, Literature, Science, Religion-among others • Divide into groups of 2-3. • In your groups, discuss/debate your assigned topic • Come up with some predictions about the impact humanism will have upon your assigned topic. • Write predictions down in provided space. • Complete reflection questions and turn in organizer before leaving class. The Printing Press and Vernacular • Essential Questions: • How did advances in printing affect culture? • How did the change from Latin to vernacular language affect culture? Renaissance Art and Architecture • Essential Questions: • How did art and architecture in the Renaissance period change from art and architecture in the Medieval period? • Why are the changes that took place (in Renaissance art and architecture) a reflection of the development and transmission of European culture? Examples of the Differences Between Medieval Art and Renaissance Art • The following slides contain pictures of both Medieval and Renaissance art. Analyze each image using the things we have talked about. Look for the use or absence of such things as perspective, chiaroscuro, realism, and capturing of emotions. Write down your observations about each piece of art, and make sure you know which observation goes with which piece of art. Medieval Art Example #1 and #2 Medieval Art Example #3 and #4 Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci Miraculous Draught of Fishes by Raphael The Transfiguration by Raphael Pieta by Michelangelo Renaissance Art • Look back over your notes. What conclusions can you draw about Renaissance art? In what ways does it differ from Medieval art? How does Renaissance art illustrate the ideas of humanism? How does Renaissance art illustrate the development of European culture? • Write a 1-3 paragraph essay answering these questions. Use details and give examples. Northern Renaissance • Essential Questions: • What is the Northern Renaissance and how is it alike or different from the Italian Renaissance? Northern Renaissance Foldable • Front Cover- picture • Page 2- At least 5 facts about the differences between the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance • Page 3- Explain William Shakespeare’s contributions to the Northern Renaissance • Back Cover- Contrast an artist from the Italian Renaissance (for example: da Vinci) with an artist from the Northern Renaissance (for example: van Eyck) • Information can be found on pages 625-626 Focus on William Shakespeare • Essential Question: • Explain how that William Shakespeare changed the way that we view and understand literature.