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Asia regional exchange on NAMAs in the transport sector 16 Aug 2013 POON, Joe Fai Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1 Singapore’s Climate Change Targets Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (2009) Reduce energy intensity by 20% from 2005 levels by 2020, & by 35% from 2005 levels by 2030 (Equivalent to 7% to 11% emission reduction from 2020 Business As Usual (BAU)) Singapore’s Pledge Reduce GHG emissions by 16% below 2020 BAU, if a global agreement on climate change is reached 2 Singapore’s Projected BAU Emissions • Land transport will form the second largest source of CO2 emissions in Singapore in 2020 Projected CO2 Contribution by Sector (2020) 7.6% 3.9% Industry 14.5% Building Transport 60.3% 13.8% Household Others (waste, water, other electricity use) 77.2 million tons (Source: National Climate Change Strategy 2012) 3 Emissions from Land Transport in Singapore • Private cars are the largest contributor to land transport emissions CO2 Contribution by Transport Mode (2005) 4% 15% Private Car 35% Motorcycle Commercial Vehicle Taxi 17% Bus 3% 26% Rapid Transit System (Source: Ministry of Transport, Singapore) 4 Emissions from Land Transport in Singapore • Shifting more trips to public transport and managing car travel demand are key to reducing emissions from land transport sector CO2 Contribution by Transport Mode (2005) (30.1 m pax-km) 4% (22.3 - 33.5 m pax-km) 15% 35% Private Car Motorcycle Commercial Vehicle (8.7 m pax-km) 17% Taxi Bus 3% 26% Rapid Transit System (Source: Ministry of Transport, Singapore) All figures are estimated average daily in 2005. 5 Shifting More Trips to Public Transport Public Transport Modal Share (during peak periods) 75.0% 62.0% 58.5% 2008 2012 (est'd) 2030 (target) 6 Shifting More Trips to Public Transport “Making Public Transport a Choice Mode” is a key Strategic Thrust under Singapore’s Land Transport Masterplan 2008 • Enhance integration of public transport system • More priority for buses • Expand rail network • Introduce contestability to public transport industry • Enhance travel experience 7 Expanding Rail Network Jurong Region Line Thomson Line Cross Island Line North East Line Extension Tuas West Extension • From 178km today to about 280km in 2021 and about 360km by 2030 (double today’s) Downtown Line Downtown Line Extension Eastern Region Line Downtown Line North-South Line Extension Circle Line Stage 6 • 8 in 10 households within 10-min walk of a train station by 2030 Legend Existing Rail Lines Land Transport Masterplan 2008 Rail Lines Rail Lines Announced in 2013 8 Managing Car Travel Demand Another key strategy is the management of road travel demand Ownership Control Usage Restraint • Vehicle Quota System (VQS) • Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) • Additional Registration Fee (ARF) • Off-Peak Car (OPC) scheme • Other ownership costs - Excise duty - Road tax • Petrol duty • Parking policies 9 Curbing Car Ownership: Vehicle Quota System • Introduced in 1990 to control growth rate of vehicle population • 3% p.a. from 1990-2008 • 1.5% p.a. from 2009 • 0.5% p.a. from 2013 • Certificate of Entitlement (COE) required to own vehicle • 10-year tenure • Open Bidding System 10 Curbing Car Ownership: Additional Registration Fee (ARF) • Ownership tax introduced in 1972 to deter vehicle ownership • Based on percentage of Open Market Value (OMV) of vehicles • Raised progressively from 35% (1972) to 175% (1980s) for cars • Currently at • 100% for cars and taxis • motorcycles: 15% • commercial vehicles & buses: 5% 11 Curbing Car Ownership: VQS and ARF Without ARF & VQS, car population would have grown an additional 83% by 2008 • ARF & VQS brings about annual reduction of 3.8% of Singapore’s total CO2 emissions • 1,000,000 w/o ARF & VQS Growth rate: 6.0% 900,000 800,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 Actual car population Growth rate: 4.1% 300,000 200,000 100,000 VQS (1990) ARF (1975) Year 12 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 0 1975 Car Population 700,000 Usage Restraint: Road Pricing • Area Licensing Scheme (ALS) • Implemented from 1975 • Motorists required to purchase license to enter Restricted Zone (RZ) • Reduces congestion in Central Business District (CBD) • Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) • Introduced in 1998 to replace ALS • Caters to changing traffic patterns • ERP rates determined based on local traffic conditions and time, and reviewed every 3 months 13 Usage Restraint: Road Pricing Road pricing brings about annual reduction of 1.01% of Singapore’s CO2 total emissions between 1975 and 2008 • Reduced congestion on expressways and major roads = 0.85% • Lower traffic volume in CBD = 0.16% • 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1975 1980 1985 Traffic Volume to CBD (AM Peak) 1990 1995 Vehicle Population 2000 2005 Car Population 14 Improving Energy Efficiency • Carbon Emissions-based Vehicle Scheme (CEVS) • Introduced in Jan 2013 to encourage lower emissions cars and taxis • “Feebate” scheme that is technology-neutral and performance-based • Rebates & surcharges depends on vehicle’s CO2 emissions performance 15 Structure of Carbon Emissions-based Vehicle Scheme Cars Taxis Rebate (-) / Surcharge (+) (SGD) Rebate (-) / Surcharge (+) (SGD) Band Carbon Emission (CO2 g/km) A1 0 to 100 -20,000 -30,000 A2 101 to 120 -15,000 -22,500 A3 121 to 140 -10,000 -15,000 A4 141 to 160 5,000 -7,500 B 161 to 210 0 0 C1 211 to 230 +5,000 +7,500 C2 231 to 250 +10,000 +15,000 C3 251 to 270 +15,000 +22,500 C4 271 & above +20,000 +30,000 16 Carbon Emissions-based Vehicle Scheme Distribution of Newly Registered Cars Across Emission Bands Band Carbon Emission (CO2 g/km) Pre-Implementation Implementation 2011 2012 2013 (Jan – May) A1 – A4 0 to 160 19.4% 41.4% 48.4% B 161 to 210 59.1% 44.8% 35.6% C1 – C4 211 & above 31.5% 13.8% 16.0% 17 Improving Energy Efficiency • Multi-agency Electric Vehicle (EV) Taskforce • EV Test-bed from June 2011 to Dec 2013 • Green Mark for RTS • Energy saving measures in MRT system • Trial on Diesel Hybrid Bus technology 18 Summary • Shifting more trips to public transport , especially rail-based transport Managing car-based travel demand , through car ownership and usage restraint measures • • Improving energy efficiency 19 Thank You! 20