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Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes populations that are not evolving Genotype frequencies stay the same over time as long as certain conditions are met: Very large populations No emigration or immigration No mutations Random No mating natural selection DISRUPTING GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM Ch. 16-2 pp. 321-325 Definitions.. Evolution is the change in a population’s genetic material (alleles) over generations. Definitions.. Evolution is the change in a population’s genetic material (alleles) over generations. A population is in genetic equilibrium if it’s not evolving WHAT PUSHES A POPULATION OUT OF EQUILIBRIUM? Population is in equilibrium 5 Factors I. Mutation Produces and introduces new alleles in a population II. Migration/ Gene Flow Movement of individuals in or out of a population Immigration – In (Entering population) Emigration – Out (Leaving population) III. Genetic Drift The amount of an allele changes due to random events Population of the nearly extinct northern Elephant Seal have lost genetic variability—individuals are homozygous for all their genes tested. This result of genetic drift makes the species vulnerable to extinction. III. Genetic Drift The amount of an allele changes due to random events Affects small populations mostly Population of the nearly extinct northern Elephant Seal have lost genetic variability—individuals are homozygous for all their genes tested. This result of genetic drift makes the species vulnerable to extinction. III. Genetic Drift The amount of an allele changes due to random events Affects small populations mostly Lose alleles if not enough to mate or a catastrophe occurs EX: tornado, disease, hurricane etc. Population of the nearly extinct northern Elephant Seal have lost genetic variability—individuals are homozygous for all their genes tested. This result of genetic drift makes the species vulnerable to extinction. IV. Natural Selection (3 Types) Organisms best suited to their environment live to reproduce and pass on their genes IV. Natural Selection (3 Types) Organisms best suited to their environment live to reproduce and pass on their genes Acts on a phenotype IV. Natural Selection (3 Types) Organisms best suited to their environment live to reproduce and pass on their genes Acts on a phenotype Varying types of selection 1. Directional Selection Individuals with a more extreme form of trait have higher fitness Suppose termites in an area begin to build deeper nests. Anteaters with long tongues could more effectively prey on termites than those with short or average tongue length Normal Distribution Distribution after Selection 2. Stabilizing Selection Having average form of trait has highest fitness Blue curve shoes variation after a new predator is introduced. Predator can easilty capture the large, visible lizards and the small slower lizards. Thus, selection against these extremes body types reduces the size range in lizards Normal Distribution Distribution after Selection 3. Disruptive Selection Individuals with any extreme trait has a higher fitness and most likely results in two new species The white limpets blend in with barnacles on rocks. On bare rocks, darkshelled limpets blend in. However, the tan colored limpets are easy to spot by birds. Normal Distribution Distribution after Selection V. Non-random mating Can amplify certain traits and reduce others through sexual selection V. Non-random mating Can amplify certain traits and reduce others through sexual selection Sexual Selection - Choose mates based on specific traits and those traits increase in the population Class work Create 4-squares for the following words Use page 325 Directional Selection Stabilizing Selection Disruptive Selection def Example Graph Word 2 associated phrases (description) Homework WS #2