Download The Iron Age Greece

THE IRON AGE
Greek Civilization
GEOGRAPHY
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Greeks settle into citystates separated by
mountainous land &
narrow river valleys
Because of their long
sea coast & many
harbors, the Greeks
became great traders
and lived on a healthy
diet of fish.
EARLY GREEK CIVILIZATIONS
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Minoan: Located on the
Island of Crete.
Merchants (trading
culture)
Early (3000-2100 BC)
Middle (2100-1500 BC)
Late Minoan period
(1500-1100 BC)
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MINOANS
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The Minoan Civilization
was destroyed three
times.
Once around 1700 BC
because of an
earthquake or outside
invaders.
Once around 1600 BC
because of an eruption
of a local island volcano.
Last time by the invading
Mycenaean of Greek
main land.
MYCENAEAN
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1600 – 1100 BCE
First city-state, grew
out of Central Greece,
eventually controlling
Greek mainland
Main economic
activity was piracy
Frequent War
between city-states
& earthquakes led
to fall of Mycenae
in 1100’s BC
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ILIAD AND ODYSSEY
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An epic poem is a lengthy
narrative poem, ordinarily
concerning a serious
subject containing details of
heroic deeds and events
significant to a culture or
nation.
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According to later
Hellenic legend they
defeated Troy, presented
in epic as a city-state
that rivaled Mycenae in
power.
Homer’s Iliad and the
Odyssey.
Achilles drags Hectors body
around Troy
ILIAD AND ODYSSEY
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Arête: is the excellence
that a hero strives for in
battle or contest.
Generations of later
Greeks would look to
Homer’s epic poems for
inspiration and a way of
life.
THE “DARK AGES” OF GREECE
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Called the “Dark Age” because there are few written
records.
Food supply and population declines
Many Greeks left the mainland and settled elsewhere
RISE OF GREECE
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Greece history is broken
down in to four basic
time periods:
Archaic Greece
Classical Greece
Hellenistic Greece
Roman Greece
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During this time the
focus would be on the
main city state.
A city state is an
independent political unit
made up of a city and its
surrounding areas.
Polis: A Greek City State.
RISE OF THE CITY-STATE
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By the 6th century BC
several cities had
emerged as dominant in
Greek affairs: Athens,
Sparta, Corinth, and
Thebes.
GREEK CITY-STATES
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Ancient Greece had no
kings or family dynasties.
The polis was governed by
assemblies of men who
were capable of military
service
The early Greek military
was made of noblemen
on horseback. These were
the only men wealthy
enough to arm and equip
themselves.
GREEK CITY-STATE
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Every Polis generally had
two features:
Agora – Open area used as
a market and social
gathering place. Homes
were usually close to the
agora.
Acropolis- a fortified hilltop
area
Provided safe refuge during
attack.
Contained public buildings
and religious temples
dedicated to favorite gods.
ATHENS CITY-STATE
Acropolis
Farm Land
Agora
Temple
Living
GREEK ECONOMY
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The spread of Greek
settlements during the
Dark Age led to the
development of trade
Mainland Greeks
exported:
pottery,
wine
olive oil.
GREEK WRITING
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The Greeks adapted the
Phoenician alphabet to
write their own
language.
The spread of literacy
enhanced commercial
exchanges and cultural
life.
GREEK GOVERNMENT
RISE OF TYRANNY IN ARCHAIC GREECE
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Cities like Byzantium &
Troy became crucial
trade points
A wealthy class of
traders began to
challenge the ruling
aristocrats in Greece.
ARCHAIC GREEK GOVERNMENT
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Eventually the wealthy
traders took over
political control from the
noblemen
These traders were
called tyrants.
Tyrant: simply refers to
a leader who seized
power by force
Periander, a very
popular tyrant
in Corinth,
Greece
END OF TYRANNY
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Tyrants seized and kept
power by using hired
soldiers.
They built new walls and
temples, which glorified
their cities and made
them popular.
By the end of the sixth
century B.C., however,
tyrants had fallen out of
favor.
RISE OF DEMOCRACY AND OLIGARCHY
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The end of tyranny
allowed new classes to
participate in
government.
Some city-states
became democracies,
ruled by the many.
Athens would be the
world leader for the first
direct democratic city.
Demos” is Greek for
people,
“Kratos” means
power
RISE OF DEMOCRACY AND OLIGARCHIES
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Others became
oligarchies, ruled by a
privileged few.
Sparta would be the
most powerful City-State
with an Oligarchy.
ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY
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Athens: only 30,000 out
of a total population of
approx. 200,000 were
“free citizens”
WHO WAS EXCLUDED
FROM CITIZENSHIP?
Women
Slaves
Residents not born in
Athens
Lower classes who could
not afford military service
SPARTAN OLIGARCHY
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All Life Devoted to the
Military
Babies inspected for
defects
Boys taken from
mothers at age 7 for 14
years military training
Spend entire adult life
in army
Created Peloponnesian
League
GREEK MILITARY
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Soldiers were
called hoplite,
because of their
round shield called
a Hoplon.
They fought in a
phalanx formation,
which made it very
tough to defeat
them.
Phalanx: a tight
rectangular
formation of
soldiers.
ATHENS
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Glorification of individual
Movement toward democracy;
limited citizenship; rise of
tyrants
Wealth & power of aristocracy
Participation in government by
male citizens
Slaves
Military training & education for
boys
Trade with other city-states
Limited rights for women
SPARTA
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Government made up of 2
kings, council of elders, citizens
assembly, 5 ephors
Citizenship for native-born
Spartan men over 30 years
State-owned slaves
Strict control over people
Prohibition against trade, travel,
or mixing with other city-states
Scornful of wealth
Women can own property but
expected to obey men
GREECE VS THE PERSIAN EMPIRE
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Greek Hoplite and Persian
Warrior in battle. C. 445 B.C.E.
The Greco-Persian Wars
were a series of conflicts
between the Achaemenid
Empire of Persia and citystates of the Hellenic
world that started in 499
BC and lasted until 449
BC.
GRECO-PERSIAN WAR: THE START
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The beginning of the
Ionian Revolt, which
would last from 499 BC
until 493 BC
Military support from
Athens and Eretria in
498 BC helped to
capture and burn the
Persian regional capital
of Sardis.
Darius I of
Persia
GRECO-PERSIAN WAR: FIRST ATTEMPT
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Darius embarked on a
scheme to conquer
Greece and to punish
Athens and Eretria for
the burning of Sardis.
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The first Persian invasion
of Greece began in 492
BC, with the Persian
general Mardonius
conquering Thrace and
Macedon before several
mishaps forced an early
end to the campaign.
GRECO-PERSIAN WAR:
DECISIVE GREEK VICTORY
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Pheidippides… running to warn
Athens of Persian invasion
In 490 BC a second force
was sent to Greece, this
time across the Aegean
Sea, under the command
of Datis and
Artaphernes.
The Persian force was
decisively defeated by
the Athenians at the
Battle of Marathon,
GRECO-[\PERSIAN WAR: THE SECOND ATTEMPT
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In 480 BC, Xerxes
personally led the
second Persian invasion
of Greece with one of
the largest ancient
armies ever assembled.
Victory over the Allied
Greek states at the
famous Battle of
Thermopylae (300)
allowed the Persians to
torch an evacuated
Athens and overrun
most of Greece.
Xerxes I of Persia
GRECO-PERSIAN WAR: TURNING POINT
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The Real Artemisia and Xerex.
However, while seeking to
destroy the combined
Greek fleet, the Persians
suffered a severe defeat at
the Battle of Salamis.
The following year, the
confederated Greeks went
on the offensive, defeating
the Persian army at the
Battle of Plataea, and
ending the invasion of
Greece.
GRECO-PERSIAN WAR: END
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Athens formed a
defense alliance called
the Delian League
among the Greek city
states. (former military
alliance transformed
into an empire)
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The Delian League
continued to campaign
against Persia for the
next three decades,
beginning with the
expulsion of the
remaining Persian
garrisons from Europe.
REPERCUSSIONS OF THE GRECO-PERSIAN WAR
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Pericles (leader)
Drew on resources of empire
to transform Athens into the
most beautiful city of the
ancient world
Turned Athens into a direct
democracy
A system of ostracism
developed to protect
themselves from overly
ambitious politicians. (6,000
votes and someone could be
banned form the city…ex.
Socrates)
THE REPLAY VIDEO!
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
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Between Athens and
Sparta
Lasted 25 years (431-404
BC)
Caused massive
destruction and loss of
life throughout Greek
world.
Sparta technically won
but it was an empty
victory—both Athens and
Sparta exhausted
END OF CLASSICAL GREECE
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Philip II, “King and
Warrior Lord” of
Macedonia, invades
Greece in 338 BC and
conquers entire
peninsula
Murdered two years later
In the middle of planning
“war of revenge” against
the Persian Empire
MACEDONIAN CONQUEST
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Succeeded by his 21-year
old son, Alexander III (the
Great)
Not only continued his
father’s plan but also
went beyond Philip’s
wildest dreams to create
the largest empire the
world had ever seen
Encompassed all the land
between Greece and the
middle of India
ALEXANDER III OF MACEDONIA
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Alexander leading troops in to
battle at the Battle of Issus
c 333 BCE
Born in Pella in 356 BC,
He became the measure
against which military
leaders compared
themselves, and military
academies throughout
the world still teach his
tactics
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
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He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III
and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire.
He invaded India in 326 BC, but was eventually forced
to turn back at the demand of his troops.
DEATH OF AN EMPIRE
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Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC,
In the years following his death, a series of civil wars
tore his empire apart
ALEXANDER THE GREATS LEGACY
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Alexander's legacy includes the
cultural diffusion his conquests
engendered.
He founded some twenty cities that
bore his name, most notably
Alexandria in Egypt.
Alexander's settlement of Greek
colonists and the resulting spread of
Greek culture in the east resulted in
a new Hellenistic civilization,
LASTING EFFECTS OF THE GREEKS
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The Greeks were the
first to write and
perform plays
Greek Philosophy (love
of wisdom) organized
rational thought.
Wrote Epic poems such
as the Iliad and
Odyssey.
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Influenced architecture
through out the world.
Created innovations in
science and
mathematics.
Spread Greek culture in
the Hellenistic period
under Alexander the
great.
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GREEK POETS
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Pindar
SAPPHO (female poet from Lesbos)
Only fragments of her poetry survive
Great descriptive beauty and insight
into human relationships
PINDAR: Developed the eulogy—long
poems praising the lives and
exploits of famous individuals
Sappho
GREEK THEATER
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Invented tragedy
and comedy
Wore masks and
used chorus
Plots derived from
mythology
Sophocles---Wrote
Oedipus the King
Euripides— The
Trojan Women
GREEK PHILOSOPHIES: SOCRATES
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Philosopher: “lover of
wisdom”
Interested in fundamental
questions about the human
condition– what is justice;
what is good; what is beauty
Used rigorous logic and
demanding question-andanswer form of
inquiry(Socratic method)
Attempted to find absolute
answers (universally valid
answers that apply to all
people, at all times, and in all
places
GREEK SCIENCE AND
MEDICINE
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PYTHAGORAS
Mathematician
Formula for the square of a
right angle triangle
HIPPOCRATES
Father of modern medicine
Rejected supernatural
explanations for illness
Theory of “bodily humours”
(blood, water, black bile,
yellow bile)
Hippocratic Oath
GREEK ARCHTECTURE
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Ancient Greeks were
excellent architects and
builders.
They were master
column builders.
They developed the
column. They used the
column in most of their
important structures.
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There are three main
parts to a column.
Base
Shaft
Capital
The column has come to
define Greek
architecture and it was
by far the most important
factor in Greek
architecture.
GREEK ARCHTECTURE
HELLENISTIC CULTURE
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Realistic Sculpture
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Advances in science
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Center of
intellectual/cultural
achievement moved to
cities of successor
kingdoms (Alexandria)
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Fusion of Greek and
Middle Eastern civilization
= Hellenism
Venus De Milo
c.187 BCE
Laocoon and his sons c. 149 BCE
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LsrkWDC
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