Download Chapter 17 Plate Tectonics - The Summer Science Safari Summer

SECOND SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW SHEET (07/08)
Ch 10, 15, 17, 22, 23
(Additional Reference Book - Earth Science Book Chapters 3 Section 3)
On-Level classes only: This review is worth points of your final exam grade
(90 question exam + 10 pts review= 100 possible points)
Review all notes, vocabulary, work and quizzes covering these chapters
I. Ch 10 Genetics
A. Long leaves are dominant to short leaves on the Leaf Plant. Using the letter “L”, cross a heterozygous leaf plant with a
homozygous short leaf plant. Create a Punnet Square then list the phenotypes and genotypes and their ratios.
Parents : L l x ll
phenotypes long . short
Phenotype ratio
L
l
l
Ll
ll
l
Ll
ll
2 :
2
genotypes L L ; L l ; ll
genotype ratios
0:
2; 2
B. Define symbiosis and give examples for the three types of symbiotic relationships.
Symbiosis - close, long term association between 2 or more species
Three types of symbiotic relationships
Mutualism (both organisms are helped) – clown fish and the sea anemone
Commensalism (one organism benefits, the other organism neither benefits or is harmed) shark and remora
Parasitism (one organism benefits; the other is hurt, harmed or killed) tomato hornworm and parasitic wasp; mistletoe and trees
C. Define limiting factors and describe how limiting factors affect the carrying capacity of the land?
Limiting factor – something that limits the size of the population ( ex. Water, food, living space)
The number of organisms that can live in an environment ( carrying capacity) depends on the number of resources
available....these resources limit the size of the population ( that’s why they are called limiting factors)
D. Describe and give examples of learned behavior and inherited behavior.
learned behavior is behavior gained through experience or observation – the language you speak
inherited behavior is behavior you have because of your genetics – the ability to speak
E. True or False; Only your genes can have an affect on your development. Explain your answer.
False, your environment can also influence how develop for instance poor health can keep your from reaching your full height
potential.
F. Describe and give examples of the 4 steps involved in Natural Selection.
Overproduction – producing more young than are able to survive; spider having 500 babies
Genetic variation – some organisms have better adaptations that allow them to adapt to changes in their environment; a cheetah
that can run 70 mph – vs- 60 mph.
Struggle to survive – some organisms can compete better than others for food, water, shelter, and mates
Successful reproduction – organisms that find mates have a better chance of passing on their genes to the next generation;
peacock that has a prettier tail
G. What is the key to natural selection? Successful reproduction
H. Describe the different ways that organisms can interact with each other.
competition for water, food, shelter, and mates. Can occur within a population or between different species.
predator/prey
II. Chapter 17, (Earth Science Book Ch 7) Layers of the Earth
A. Define the layers of the earth based on physical and chemical properties
Layers of the earth are based on chemical composition.
Crust – outer most and thinnest layer. Solid rocky material composed of Si, O and Al. Two types are Continental and
oceanic crust.
Mantle: Dense rock material composed of Si, O, Fe, Mg. Estimated to be 2900 Km thick makes up 68% of earth’s mass
and 82% of earth’s volume.
Core – Inner most layer composed of Fe and some Ni, S, and O. Estimated to be 6856 km in diameter, ( a little smaller
than Mars) Makes up 33% of earths mass.
Layers of earth based on physical properties.
Lithosphere – litho means rock. Solid outer most rigid layer, includes crust and rigid upper mantle, Zone of strength and
is divided into tectonic plates.
Asthenosphere: Astheno means weakness, solid but acts like a liquid (plasticity is the ablitity of a solid to flow like a
liquid when under pressure.) Includes the soft lower mantle, Zone of weakness and is the layer on which the tectonic
plates move.
Mesosphere- middle sphere. Made of molten material, strong lower part of the mantle won to the core.
Outer Core- between the mantle and the inner core, responsible for earth’s magnetic field
Inner core – inner most layer, solid because of pressure, made mostly of iron and nickel
B. Define plasticity. In which layers does this occur?
Plasticity is the ability of a solid to flow like a liquid under pressure. It is found in the asthenosphere
C. Name the layer that is the:
a. densest inner core
b. origin of the magnetic field outer core
d. inner most layer inner core
c. the only one we have seen- crust
e. layer that is solid due to pressure inner core
f. in broken in tectonic plates asthenosphere
g. tectonic plates move on top of asthenosphere
F. Describe how folded and fault-blocked mountains form.
Folded Mountains are formed by the bending of rocks due to compression
Fault-Blocked Mountains are formed by the breaking and fracturing of rocks due to tension, compression, or shearing
III. Chapter 17 Plate Tectonics
A. Describe the Continental Drift Theory. Include who proposed it, the evidence that supports it, why it wasn’t accepted,
and why it finally was accepted.
Continental drift theory stated that the continents were once joined together as a super continent and that they moved to their
current day positions. It was proposed by Alfred Wegener. Evidence that supports it are fossils found on different continents that
are not joined together today ( glossopteris - giant seed fern; mesosaurus, lystrasaurus, cygnathus, ); rocks on different continents
that are not joined together have similar folding patterns and strata ( ex S America and Africa); glacial evidence. It was not
accepted because Wegner could not explain how the continents moved apart. It was finally accepted with the discovery of the
Mid Atlantic ridge and seafloor spreading.
B. Describe Pangaea including Laurasia and Gondwanaland
Pangaea was a giant landmass that formed when all the continent collided together. When Pangaea began to break apart ; it
broke into a northern continent – Laurasia (N America, Europe, Asia) and Gondwanaland ( S America, Africa, Australia, India
C. How does the density of the crust affect plate collisions?
Denser ocean crust is pushed into mantel (subduction) while
lighter density continental crust is pushed up forming mountains
D. Compare ocean crust and continental crust age. Which is older?
Ocean crust is younger than continental crust because ocean crust is constantly being destroyed by subduction. Continental crust
is never sub ducted. Continental crust is less dense and thicker than oceanic crust.
E. Explain the Plate Tectonics Theory. Include a description of the three general types of boundaries, how the plates
move at each boundary, and features and examples of each boundary.
Plate boundary
Plate movement
Convergent
ocean -ocean
Features
volcanoes, island arc,
plate s collide/sub ducted
trenches, earthquakes
Convergent
Cnt - cont
Examples
Aleutian Islands, Philippines. Japan
Appalachian, Alps, Himalayas
plates collide/ uplifted
folded mountains
ocean crust is sub ducted,
Convergent
cont crust is pushed up
Ocean - cont
Divergent
W coast of S America
trenches, volcanic mts, eq
plates moved apart
mid ocean ridges, rift valleys
Mid Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise
little deformation occurs
Transform
plates move side by side
to land ( very small mts), eq
San Andreas Fault
G. Describe convection currents. What do they have to do with plate movement and where do they occur?
. Hot molten material rises while cooler molten material sinks; causing convection currents that help to move plates together,
apart or side by side. They are believed to occur in the asthenosphere.
H. Describe the 3 types of convergent boundaries, how these plate converge, what happens when they collide, features
formed, and examples of each.
see above
I. Why is the Plate Tectonic Theory better than the Continental Drift Theory?
The plate tectonic theory explains in more details the events that occur on earth and the forces that shape our earth such as
earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.
J. Describe how and where new oceanic lithosphere is created. Also explain why the earth is not getting larger.
. New lithosphere is formed at divergent boundaries on the ocean floor called mid ocean ridges. Magma from deep below the
earth’s surface pushes upward causing the tectonic plates to be pushed apart. As the plates more apart the magma rises to the
surface and is cooled and hardened into new oceanic crust. While this process is occurring at divergent boundaries, at
convergent boundaries old lithosphere is being subducted back into the earth and remelted, thus keeping the earth from
becoming larger.
IV. Chapter 15 Rocks
A. Name the three types of rocks. Describe how and where each rock type is formed. Include a description of the
different types of each rock (intrusive/extrusive; clastic/organic/chemical; foliated/nonfoliated)
Igneous Rock – formed by the cooling of magma and classified by chemical composition, texture and location.
Sedimentary Rock – formed when rocks break down into smaller pieces by weather moved by erosion and laid down
deposition. Characteristics are most common variety of rock, made of sediments; form layers/strata, usually formed by
water, often contain fossils, appear dull and earthy, and are grouped by composition, texture and grain size.
Metamorphic Rock – is formed when igneous and sedimentary rocks texture and structures have been changed due to
tremendous heat, pressure and chemical reactions. There are types of metamorphism in rocks – contact metamorphism and
regional metamorphism. There are two types of metamorphic rock, foliated and nonfoliated.
B. Describe the different types of textures of igneous rocks due to different cooling rates.
Coarse grained – large crystals cooled slowly.
Fine grained – small crystals cooled quickly.
Vesicular – cooled so quickly that air pockets were formed when gases did not escape before the magma solidified.
No crystals – magma cooled so quickly that no crystals formed, example is obsidian.
Porphyritic – 2 different cooling rates a combination of both fine and coarse grained crystals
C. Describe weathering, erosion, and deposition and the agents involved (wind, water, etc.)
weathering is the breaking up of rocks into sediments; wind, water, ice, heat
erosion is the movement of sediment from one location to another; wind, water, gravity, glaciers
deposition is the dropping of these sediments
D. Be able to interpret a rock cycle diagram.
E. Describe the two types of metamorphism; region and contact.
contact occurs over a small area and involves direct contact with magma, involves more heat
regional occurs over a large area, at convergent boundaries, involves pressure
F. In which type of rock are we most likely to find fossils? sedimentary
VI. Ch 9.1, 22, 23 Astronomy
A. Describe electromagnetic waves, how they are arranged on the spectrum, and the type of media that they can move
through.
a wave that can move through space and matter and consists of vibrating electric and magnetic fields, they do not require a
medium, are arranged from longest wavelength, lowest frequency to shortest wavelength, highest frequency
B. Describe characteristics of stars. Include color differences and brightness.
Size – stars can range from very small neutron stars that are less than 20 miles across to super giant stars that have a mass
100 times that of our sun
Color – helps us determine temperature ...hottest stars are blue; coolest stars are red
Brightness – also called magnitude – stars that are closer to us appear brighter, but in reality may not be the brightest star in the
sky; the smaller the absolute magnitude number, the brighter the star ( a star with a magnitude 2 is brighter than a star with a
magnitude of 10)
Composition – the most common element in stars is hydrogen; second most common is helium
C. Describe types of telescopes and the best location for using them.
Optical telescope – use visible light
Refracting – uses lenses; not a wise choice, too many problems with lenses
Reflecting – uses mirrors; it is the choice of professional and amateurs; fewer problems with mirrors
IR telescopes – use IR rad; helps to discover new stars
Radio telescopes – huge dish shaped telescopes; can be based on earth
X ray telescopes – gather X rays; help to detect black holes
on earth best located on mountaintops where there is little light and air pollution, less moisture, and less atmosphere, the
ultimate location is in space.
D Describe the three types of galaxies.
Spiral – bulge at center, and spiral arms Ex Milky Way Galaxy – most galaxies we have discovered are spiral
Elliptical – shaped elongated, elliptical; fewer nebula;
Irregular galaxies – no definite shape; lots of nebula and new stars
E. Describe the discoveries of these famous astronomers.
a. Ptolemy
b. Copernicus
c. Kepler
d. Hubble
e. Galileo
a. Ptolemy – said the earth was at the center and everything rotated around the earth (geocentric theory)
b. Copernicus - sun at the center and all the planets rotated around the sun (heliocentric theory)
c. Kepler – planets’ orbits have an elliptical shape; laws of planetary motion
d. Hubble – discovered “fuzzy white balls” seen through telescopes were actually millions of stars – called them galaxies
e. Galileo – perfected the use of the telescope; discovered four moons of Jupiter; sunspots; rings of Saturn; was put under
“house arrest “ by the church supporting the heliocentric theory ( which was contrary to the church’s opinion that the geocentric
theory was correct)
F. Describe the evidence that supports The Big Bang Theory.
Cosmic background radiation left over from the explosion and the evidence that the universe expanding
G. How old do they believe the universe is?
4.6 billion years old.
H. What is meant when we say that an object is 2 billion light-years away from earth?
We are looking into the past because that light left the object 2 billion years ago.
I. One day our sun will fall off of the main sequence. What will happen to it after that?
Nebula ---- main sequence star ---- red giant ---- white dwarf
VII. Topographic Maps - Earth Science Book Ch 3 Section 3
A. Know how to interpret a topographic map. (Refer to the topographic map worksheets)
Second Semester Review Vocabulary 9you may highlight your old vocabulary and attach it to this review. Do not have any of
your old vocabulary? Rewrite it then.)
Ch 10 Genetics
a. incomplete dominance - is when two traits combine and show up as a third trait. Neither of the two traits expresses
dominance. Both alleles exert equal influence; neither is dominant or recessive
b. allele – gene that controls a characteristic – provided by each parent to the offspring
Ex. T, t might be shown as alleles that represent height
c carrying capacity – the largest population that can be support in an environment over a long period of time
d. Phenotype -what the organism actually looks like. Example. Height, color or hair or eyes, type of fur or skin
e. genotype - actual gene or genetic makeup of the organism
f. homozygous actual gene or genetic makeup of the organism ; ex TT, aa
g. heterozygous- organism carries two different genes or alleles for the same trait. One is dominant (capitalized letter) and one
is recessive (lower case letter) It is also referred to as hybrid. Ex. Tt, Bb
h. recessive - traits are the ones that will be hidden. They are the weaker gene and are represented by a lower case letter. ( t)
The dominant trait will cover the recessive trait. A recessive trait is only seen if both alleles are recessive. ( tt)
i. dominant - Dominant traits are the ones that will show up or the ones that will be seen. They are the stronger genes and are
represented by a capital letter. (T)
j. Predator – organisms that is the “hunter”
k. prey 0rganism that is hunted ; animal that is eaten
l. host – organisms that provides a place for another organisms( parasite) to live and/ or eat; the host is weakened, harmed or
killed by the parasite
m. competition two or more organisms try to use the same resource ( water, food, habitat, etc.)
n. natural selection – process where individuals with traits that help them survive in an environment, and reproduce, passing
those traits to their offspring
o. adaptation – a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.
Chapter 17 Plate Tectonics
a. Seafloor spreading - ocean floor is moving apart ; caused by convection currents within the asthenosphere
b. Subduction- denser ocean crust is pushed into the earth creating a deep valley called a trench
c. Ring of Fire - area around the perimeter of the Pacific ocean where most of the world's volcanoes are located
d. Mid Ocean Ridges - long chains of underwater mountains; located where sea floor spreading is occurring
e. plasticity – a characteristic of that asthenosphere that allows it to flow like a liquid, but have the strength of a solid.
f. folded mountains – mountains formed by compression at convergent boundaries.
Chapter 15 Rocks
a. rock cycle – the continuous process by which new rock is formed from old rock
b. strata - layers found in sedimentary rock
c. magma – molten rock material found below the earth’s surface
d. lava – molten rock material found above earth’s surface
e. compaction – the process by which small sediments are squeezed until the harden into rock
f. cementation – the process by which sediments are glued together by minerals dissolved in water
g. lithification – the hardening of sediments through compaction and cementation into rock
Chapter 3 Section 3 Earth Science Book Topographic Maps
a. topographic map – a map that shows elevation and other land features
b. hachure marks – small dashes used to indicate a depression
c. depression – an area where the elevation decreases
e. contour line - a line tat connects areas of equal elevation
Astronomy(Chp.9.1, 22,23):
a. light year distance light travels in one year
b. dwarf – a start similar to our sun
c. apparent magnitude how bright a star appears from earth
d. galaxy
largest grouping of stars in space
e. absolute magnitude the actual brightness of a star
f. parallax one of the ways we measure distances in space; apparent shift in a star’s location
g. nebulae cloud of hydrogen gas and dust; birthplace of stars
h. Neutron stars extremely dense stars that form from a massive star
i. supernova explosion of a star
j. white dwarf small, dense stars that are very hot; formed from a average sized star
k. black hole forms when a super massive star condense in on itself and distorts time and space; gravity is so great that
nothing, including light cannot escape from it
l. Big Bang Theory -theory that states all matter was condensed into a very small area, resulting in a tremendous explosion
that form the universe
m. spectrum – the rainbow of colors produced when white light passes through a prism or spectrograph.