Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell Wars 1.16 – pg. 50-51 NAME: 1. Explain what disease is in your own words. Disease is a foreign cell, called a virus, that gets into or bodies and attacks our normal cells. The virus attaches to our normal cells and injects its genetic material into our cell. When the genetic material reaches the nucleus it takes over control of our cell. It directs the hijacked cell to reproduce many more viruses and then bursts our cell, killing it, and sends out the many reproduced viruses to repeat the cycle again. This invasion of viral cells is called an infection. The viral infection interferes with our cells ability to do its job and can make us sick enough to die. 2. What types of invaders cause infections in humans? The types of invaders that can cause infections in humans are living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, or parasitic worms. The other types of invaders could be non-living things such as viruses or toxic chemicals. 3. Identify two ways in which white blood cells protect the body from disease. One way that white blood cells protect the body against disease is by producing specific antibodies to attack and kill specific invading organisms. The antibodies attach themselves to the molecules on the cell membranes of viruses. The molecules on the viruses are known as markers. These markers have a specific shape and the antibodies that the white blood cells make to attach to the markers must have the same shape in order to be able to attach to the markers and kill them. White blood cells also kill invading organisms by attacking them, swallowing them up and then releasing special chemicals from their lysosomes that digest both the invading organism and themselves. 4. How does your body benefit when a white blood cell kills a cell that has been infected by a virus? When a white blood cell engulfs and kills one of our own cells that have been infected by a virus, it prevents that virus from reproducing many other viruses within the normal cell and then spreading those reproduced viruses to other normal cells in our body after that one infected cell bursts. So even though we lose one of our own cells and a white blood cell, the benefit is that many other normal cells will not become infected which would make our infection worse. If we sacrifice a few normal cells and white blood cells in this manner we can recover, but if many cells are infected and we have to kill many cells in this way, it might not be possible for us to recover. 5. Vaccines work by introducing dead or weakened invaders into the body. The body will develop antibodies against the weak invaders. If a strong invader of the same kind enters the body later, the antibodies can be used to destroy it before it takes over any cells. Using diagrams, show how a vaccine might protect the body from invaders. Normal cell White Blood cell FLU 1 antibody FLU 1 strong virus FLU 1 weakened virus Weakened virus injected into our body Attacks normal cell – makes us sick Strong virus now enters our body White blood cell arrives and because it has already produced many antibodies against the same weakened virus it already has an army of antibodies ready for strong virus – virus defeated before it can do damage to any normal cells White blood cell arrives and produces many antibodies – easily kills weakened virus