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HISTORY OF DNA GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Friedrich Miescher 1869 Germany •Isolated DNA •From pus and fish sperm •White, sugary •Acidic with phosphorus •Called it “nuclein” Meanwhile . . . In Austria and England • 1865 • Gregor Mendel reported his pea findings • Work ignored until 1900 • 1859 • Charles Darwin published • On the Origin of Species William Sutton & Thomas Morgan at Columbia University • 1902 • Sutton observes chromosomes during meiosis • Observations support Mendel • 1909 • Thomas Morgan worked with fruit flies • Nobel prize: “factors” or genes on chromosomes P.A. Levene 1920’s Rockefeller Institute • Determined chemical makeup of DNA • 5-carbon sugar • phosphate group • 4 nitrogenous bases • Nucleotide • Tetranucleotide theory* • *It was wrong Proteins or Nucelic Acids? Which was the Genetic Material? • • • • • • Both in nucleus Both in chromosomes Needed to be able to carry LOTS of info Needed to be able to replicate Nucleic acids had only 4 “letters” Proteins had 20 “letters” Griffith 1928 England streptococcus pneunomia Griffith 1928 England streptococcus pneunomia Griffith 1928 England streptococcus pneunomia Griffith 1928 England streptococcus pneunomia Avirulent strain was transformed, but how and by what? O.T. Avery 1943 Rockfeller Institute • Transforming factor DNA (not protein) • Nucleic acid is genetic material! Edwin Chargaff Columbia University 1950 • Amount of A = T; amount of G = C • Amount of A + G = T + C • Rejected Levene’s tetranucleotide theory Linus Pauling California Institute of Technology 1948 • • • • Used models to discover alpha helix in proteins due to hydrogen bonds. Suggested DNA was helix Hershey & Chase 1952 Blender Experiment Virus/Phage labeled with radioactive sulfur (S-35) or radioactive Phosphorus (P-32) Hershey & Chase 1952 Blender Experiment Blender separates viral coat and bacterial cells Hershey & Chase 1952 Blender Experiment • • • • DNA is crystallized Then x-rayed Produces an image Image is analyzed. X-ray Crystallography X-ray Crystallography King’s College, London • • • • Wilkins made crystal Franklin made image Franklin analyzed image Wilkins secretly shared analysis with Watson & Crick Race for the Double Helix • James Watson & Francis Crick • Constructed a model • 1953 Cavendish Lab • Relied on Pauling, Franklin, Levene, Chargaff . . . 1953 Watson and Crick proposed: • double helix • complementary nucleotides • P & Sugar backbones • antiparallel strands • semi-conservative replication • templates • Nobel prize with Wilkins in 1963 Other developments • • • • • • • • • • • • 1940: viral coat is protein, nucleic acid inside 1941: One gene : one polypeptide 1952: viral genetic material is nucleic acid 1957: Semi-conservative replication 1960’s: Genetic code 1960’s: Gene regulation 1973: DNA sequencing 1970’s: Gel Electrophoresis of DNA 1983: PCR 1990: gene therapy 1997: first GMO 2003: Human Genome Project Some Observations • • • • • • Parallel pathways The odd traveler Teams Cross fertilization Specific skills, models, designs Simple organisms Works Cited • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • www.uni-tuebingen.de www.dnalc.org www.pbs.org www. nobelprize.org www. genetics.org www.biology-books.com www.access.mmhs.ca www.thunder.biosci.umbc.edu www.macroevolution.net www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com www.pauling.library.oregonstate.edu www.biochem.arizona.edu www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk www. chemistry.about.com www. paulingblog.wordpress.com