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Chapter 8 – Product and Services Strategy What is a Product? A Product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption and that might satisfy a want or need. Includes: What is a Service? A Service is a form of product that consist of activities, benefits, or satisfactions offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything. Examples include: Nature and Characteristic of a Service Intangibility - Can’t be seen, tasted, felt, heard, or smelled before purchase. Inseparability - Can’t be separated from service providers. Variability - Quality depends on who provides them and when, where and how. Perishability - Can’t be stored for later sale or use. Products, Services, & Experiences: The Product/Service Continuum Levels of Product Product Classifications Consumer Products Industrial Products Materials & Parts Capital Items Supplies & Services Individual Product Decisions (Fig. 8.2) Product Attributes Developing a Product or Service Involves Defining the Benefits that it Will Offer Such as: ______________________ - Ability of a Product to Perform Its Functions; Includes Level & Consistency ______________________ - Help to Differentiate the Product from Those of the Competition ______________________ - Process of Designing a Product’s Style & Function Branding Brand – a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of these, that identifies the maker or seller of a product or service Why Brand? Brand Equity - the set of assets (or liabilities) linked to the brand that add (or subtract) value The Billion Dollar Brands Advantages of Branding Brand Equity Major Branding Decisions (Fig. 8.3) Brand Name Selection Brand Sponsor Brand Strategy Branding Strategies Packaging Activity of designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product. Packaging is used to: Packing now has promotional value and marketers should: Establish a packaging concept, Develop specific elements of the package, Tie together elements to support the positioning and marketing strategy. Labeling Printed information appearing on or with the package. Performs several functions: Product Mix Decisions Product Mix - all the product lines & items offered Width - number of different product lines Length - total number of items in product lines Depth - number of versions of each product Chapter 9 – New Product Development (NPD) and Product Life Cycle (PLC) Strategies New products Last year food products alone accounted for more than 10,000 of the year’s 25,261 total new-product launches, according to Marketing Intelligence Service. That’s 486 product launches a week, or 69 per day. Interesting, considering the launch of a new shampoo can range in cost from $20 to $50 million dollars. When is a New Product Really New? - never been introduced before (i.e. inventions); functionally new - firm enters into new product category or offers a modification of an old one - how much consumer learning is involved to use product - generally, a product is “new” for only six months New Product Strategy Development Involves defining the role of new products in achieving the firm’s overall objectives. Cross functional teams seem to produce best results in searching for new product and/or market opportunities. Causes of New Product Failures One study estimated that as many as 80% of new consumer packaged products failed. Only about 40% of new consumer products are around 5 years after introduction. Why Do Products Fail? Rush to market Product design problems Product may have been pushed despite poor marketing research findings Costs of product development Consumer “need” was a fad, or short-lived Timing Major Stages in New Product Development (Fig 9.1) Idea Generation Idea Screening Concept Development and Testing Marketing Strategy Business Analysis Product Development Test Marketing Commercialization Strategies for Obtaining New Product Ideas – – – New Product Development Process Step 1. Idea Generation … the Systematic Search for New Product Ideas Obtained Internally From Employees and Also From: – – – – Step 2. Idea Screening • • • Many companies have systems for rating and screening ideas which estimate: • • • • • Market Size Product Price Development Time & Costs Manufacturing Costs Rate of Return Step 3. Concept Development 1. Develop New Product Ideas into Alternative Detailed Product Concepts 2. Concept Testing - Test the New Product Concepts with Groups of Target Customers 3. Choose the One That Has the Strongest Appeal to Target Customers Step 4. Marketing Strategy Part One Describes Overall: Target Market Planned Product Positioning Sales & Profit Goals Market Share Part Two Describes First-Year: Product’s Planned Price Distribution Marketing Budget Part Three Describes Long-Term: Sales & Profit Goals Marketing Mix Strategy Step 5. Business Analysis Business Analysis - Review of Product Sales, Costs, and Profits Projections to See if they Meet Company Objectives Step 6. Product Development Step 7. Test Marketing Test Marketing is the Stage Where the Product and Marketing Program are Introduced into More Realistic Market Settings. ________________________ - Full marketing campaign in a small number of representative cities. ________________________ - A few stores that have agreed to carry new products for a fee. ________________________ - Test in a simulated shopping environment to a sample of consumers. Step 8. Commercialization Commercialization is the Introduction of the New Product into the Marketplace. Where? When? Sequential Speeding Up New Product Development Simultaneous Product Development Costs Consumer vs. Industrial Product Life Cycle Product Life Cycle (Fig. 9.2) Sales and Profits ($) Sales Profits Time Product Development Introduction Growth Maturity Decline Losses/ Investments ($) Sales and Profits Over the Product’s Life From Inception to Demise Problems Using the PLC The PLC Concept Can Help in Developing Good Marketing Strategies for Different Stages of the Product Life Cycle, However Some Problems Can Arise: Characteristic Sales Costs Profits Marketing Objectives Product Price Distribution Advertising Introduction Growth Maturity Decline Chapter 10 – Pricing Products: Pricing Considerations & Approaches Which is Price?? Price is the sum of all the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service. Factors Affecting Price Decisions ( Fig. 10.1) External Factors Internal Factors • • • • • • • Marketing Objectives Marketing Mix Strategy Costs Organizational considerations Nature of the market and demand Competition Other environmental factors • • • Economy Resellers Government Internal Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions: Marketing Objectives - Low Prices to Cover Variable Costs and Some Fixed Costs to Stay in Business. - Choose the Price that Produces the Maximum Current Profit, Etc. - Low as Possible Prices to Become the Market Share Leader. - High Prices to Cover Higher Performance Quality and R & D. Other specific objectives include: Nonprofit and public organization may have other pricing objectives such as: University aims for _____________________ Hospital may aim for _____________________ Theater may price to _____________________ Internal Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions: Marketing Mix Customers Seek Products that Give Them the Best Value in Terms of Benefits Received for the Price Paid. Types of Cost Factors that Affect Pricing Decisions Fixed Costs (Overhead) – Variable Costs Total Costs Different Levels of Production – costs vary with different levels of production and production capability - (in) efficiency impacts the eventual cost. Function of Production Experience - As a firm gains experience in production, it learns how to do it better. The experience curve (or the learning curve) indicates that average cost drops with accumulated production experience. External Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions - Market and Demand Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions - Many Buyers and Sellers Who Have Little Effect on the Price - Many Buyers and Sellers Who Trade Over a Range of Prices - Few Sellers Who Are Sensitive to Each Other’s Pricing/ Marketing Strategies - Single Seller Demand Curves and Price Elasticity of Demand A Demand Curve is a Curve that Shows the Number of Units the Market Will Buy in a Given Time Period at Different Prices that Might be Charged. = ----------------------------------- Price / Demand Relationship Major Considerations in Setting Price (Fig. 10.5) Price Ceiling - Price Floor Cost Considerations Types of Mark-Up Pricing o Cost-plus pricing - a pricing method in which the producer (seller) determines its costs and then adds a specified profit amount or percentage to the selling price. o Break-even Analysis & Target Profit Pricing – setting price to break even on the costs of making and marketing a product: or setting price to make a target profit Cost-Based Pricing Cost-Plus Pricing is an Approach That Adds a Standard Markup to the Cost of the Product. Breakeven Analysis Target Return Pricing Cost-Based Versus Value-Based Pricing (Fig. 10.7) Competition-Based Pricing Setting prices based on the prices that competitors charge for similar products ______________________________ - Company Sets Prices Based on What Competitors Are Charging. _________________________ - Company Sets Prices Based on What They Think Competitors Will Charge. Chapter 11 – Pricing Products: Pricing Strategies Dynamic Pricing Strategies New Product Pricing Strategies Market Skimming - Setting a High Price for a New Product to “Skim” Maximum Revenues from the Target Market. -Use Under These Conditions: Product’s Quality and Image Must Support Its Higher Price. Costs Can’t be so High that They Cancel the Advantage of Charging More. Competitors Shouldn’t be Able to Enter Market Easily and Undercut the High Price. Examples: Market Penetration - Setting a Low Price for a New Product in Order to “Penetrate” the Market Quickly and Deeply. -Use Under These Conditions: Market Must be Highly Price-Sensitive so a Low Price Produces More Market Growth. Production/ Distribution Costs Must Fall as Sales Volume Increases. Must Keep Out Competition & Maintain Its Low Price Position or Benefits May Only be Temporary. Examples: Product Mix-Pricing Strategies: Product Line Pricing Involves setting price steps between various products in a product line based on: --Optional-Product Pricing - Pricing optional or accessory products sold with the main product. Captive-Product Pricing - Pricing products that must be used with the main product. By-Product Pricing - Pricing low-value by-products to get rid of them and make the main product’s price more competitive. Product-Bundling - combining several products and offering the bundle at a reduced price. Discount and Allowance Pricing Adjusting Basic Price to Reward Customers for Certain Responses Cash Discount Quantity Discount Functional Discount Seasonal Discount Trade-in Allowance Promotional Allowance – Segmented Pricing Selling Products at Different Prices Even Though There is No Difference in Cost Customer – Segment Product Form Location Pricing Time Pricing - Psychological Pricing Considers the psychology of prices and not simply the economics. Customers use price less when they can judge quality of a product. Price becomes an important quality signal when customers can’t judge quality; price is used to say something about a product. Psychological Pricing Methods Prestige Pricing - setting prices artificially high to evoke an image of prestige or quality Odd-Even Pricing - Ending prices with a certain number to influence customers Customary Pricing - setting prices on the basis of tradition. Price Lining - setting a limited number of prices for selected lines of merchandise. Promotional Pricing Temporarily Pricing Products Below List Price to Increase Short-Term Sales Through: Other Price Adjustment Strategies - Adjusting Prices to Account for the Geographical Location of Customers. - Adjusting Prices for International Markets. Initiating Price Changes Price Cuts – Price Increases – Assessing/Responding to Competitor’s Price Changes (see Fig. 11.1) Public Policy Issues in Pricing --Pricing Across Channel Levels _________________________ - Ensure sellers offer the same price/terms to a given level of trade _________________________ - Manufacturer can’t require dealers to charge a specified retail price for its product _________________________ - Occurs when a seller states prices or prices savings not available to consumers