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INTRODUCTION Gul-e-Nayab Definition the study of the development, organization, functioning and classification of human societies. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, social disorder and social change Empirical research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Critical thinking is a type of clear, reasoned thinking. Subject Matter of Sociology Ever since the beginning of sociology, sociologists have shown a great concern in man and in the dynamics of society. It is quite natural that sociologists have developed different approaches from time to time in their attempts to enrich its study. The main concern of sociology is sociological analysis. It means the sociology seeks to provide an analysis of human society and culture with a sociological perspective. Sociology has been concerned with the development, structure and function of a wide variety of basic social institutions such as the family and kinship, religion and property, economic, political, legal, educational and scientific, recreational and welfare institutions. Sociology has placed high premium on the method of research also. Contemporary sociology has tended to become more and more rational and empirical rather than philosophical and idealistic. The fundamental social processes such as cooperation and competition, accommodation and assimilation, social conflict including war and revolution, communication including opinion, formation, expression and change, social control and deviance including crime, suicide, social integration and social change assume prominence in sociological studies. Many specialized studies such as sociology of knowledge, sociology of medicine, sociology of law etc have emerged. Sociology focuses on human interaction on the mutual and reciprocal influencing by two or more people of each other's feelings, attitudes and actions. Sociology does not so much focus on what occurs within people as it does on what transpires between people. Hence the focus of sociological inquiry is on people as social beings- their activities in relation to one another. Sociologists are interested in the way people structure their relationships the manner in which their social ties with others are formed, sustained and changed. Social Interaction Social interaction is the foundation of society. Without interaction there would be no group life For instance, interaction is the major processes for the socialization of an individual from birth to death, which exist in every culture Definition Social interaction: Merrill defined it as: “ Social interaction is the process of contact where the behavior modifies slightly” Form of Social Interaction Between individual and individual Between individual and groups Between groups and groups Between individual and culture Opposition This is the disassociate form of social interaction, it includes competition & conflict. Forms of Competition Personal & impersonal competition Formal & informal competition Intra & inter group competition Personal and Impersonal Competition Personal competition takes place in a society when the individuals or groups competing with one another and the competition is face to face e.g. The election is the personal in which the competitors know each other and the competition is face to face. The competition in which there may not be face-to-face interaction. e.g. the competition for the posts of Federal Public Service Commission is an example of impersonal competition. Another example is when a students want to become a top position In the Multan Board or etc is called impersonal competition. Formal or Informal Competition Formal or informal competition Formal competition is that has structured rules and regulations . It has written rules to be followed, other wise the violator will be punished. e.g. in modern societies. Like in cricket match, or football match. Informal is that competition in which there is no written rule and regulation but some unwritten set or rules are to be followed. e.g. in primitive or folk societies. Intra and Inter Group Competition The competition that occurs within the community is called intra group competition. This is within the same community or village. The competition that occurs between communities/ groups is called inter group competition. e.g. the competition between two teams of different districts or provinces or the countries is the inter group competition. Conflict When people are competing for inadequate material and non material products. Objects of conflict. The objects of conflict may be: Power Status property Conflict Fields of conflict Conflict may be in the fields of Political Social Economic Religious fields. Difference between Competition & Conflict Competition Competition is the continuous process and it is never ending. It is impersonal It is unconscious and the individuals and groups are not aware of it. It encourages hard work. It is based on non-violence Conflict It is not continuous process. At some stage it must come to an end. It is personal. it is conscious and the individual and groups are aware and know each other. It discourages hard work for law in conflict. Violent methods may be used in conflict. Cooperation No society can develop without cooperation. In Pakistani society we find a few examples of cooperation. e.g. In the farms the rural cooperate with their neighbors in watering the crops, harvesting the crops. In urban areas the people cooperate with each other in different ways. Such cooperation is found between the customer and shop keepers, teachers and students, the owner and the laborers, the doctor and the patient. Type of Cooperation Informal cooperation: characterized as spontaneous and involves mutual give and take. Formal cooperation: characterized as a deliberate contractual nature and prescribes the reciprocal rights and obligations of members. Accommodation The parents accommodate their children even at the cost of sacrificing their own desires. Smith: “defines accommodation as “social adjustment” e.g. adjustment of man to both natural and man-made environment”. Assimilation Ogburn & Nimkoff: “it means two dissimilar individuals or groups which become similar by removing their cultural differences”. Acculturation The first step towards assimilation is called acculturation. In other words it is cultural modification. e.g. Permanent settlement of migrants people e.g. people from India and Afghanistan in Pakistan. Thank You