Download Chapter 4: Verbs

Chapter 4:
Verbs
Action Verbs
Linking Verbs
Helping Verbs
What is a Verb?
 A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition, or
a state of being.
 There are two main kinds of verbs: action verbs and
linking verbs. Both kinds can be accompanied by helping
verbs.
ACTION VERBS
 An action verb tells what the subject does. It can express
mental or physical action.
Examples:
The storm tore through the town. (physical action)
A huge black horse galloped across the pasture. (physical action)
We daydreamed all through English class. (mental action)
Yesterday my mother thought about our vacation plans. (mental
action)
LINKING VERBS
 A linking verb links its subject to a word in the predicate.
 The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb be:
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
 Other common linking verbs:
appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell,
sound, stay, taste, turn
Linking verbs, continued
 Examples:
My best friend is Susan.
We were late for English class again!
Miss Setree seems excited today.
The mood of the crowd turned ugly very quickly.
Linking verbs, continued
 Some verbs can be either action or linking, depending upon how
the verb is used in the sentence.
King Kong looked at Ann Darrow. (action)
King Kong looked frightened. (linking)
I tasted my mom’s brownies. (action)
The lemon pie tasted very sour. (linking)
The flowers smell great! (linking)
I smelled the skunk’s “perfume.” (action)
HELPING VERBS
 Helping verbs help main verbs express action or precise shades of
meaning.
 The combination of one or more helping verbs with a main verb is
called a verb phrase.
 Examples:
Tessa and Alicia have been practicing their routine all week.
I will study for the health test.
Johnny and Cooper should have known better than that!
Emilee has written five notes to her friends today!
Helping Verb Lists:
 Forms of be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
 Forms of do: do, does, did
 Forms of have: have, has, had
 Other common helping verbs:
may, might, must
can, could
shall, should
will, would
Action Verbs with Direct Objects
and Indirect Objects
 Sentence Patterns:
S – AV
S – AV – DO (The direct object names the receiver of
the action.)
S – AV – IO – DO (The indirect object tells to whom/what
or for whom/what the action is done.)
 Examples:
Julia loves her new kitten.
Elizabeth gave Tommy a note for his sister.
Josh loaned me five dollars.
I saw Brycen at the movies last weekend.
Devyn bought his grandmother a birthday card.
Transitive Verbs and
Intransitive Verbs
 A transitive verb is an action verb that has a direct object.
Ex. We saw Tommy at the county fair.
The girls planted flower seeds in the pots.
 An intransitive verb is an action verb that does not have a direct
object.
Ex. Darin tripped on the stairs. Ashley raced to the finish line.
Alexis spoke quietly.
Jill runs really fast!
Linking Verbs and
Predicate Words
 Subject Complement – the word that the linking verb
connects to its subject; it identifies or explains the subject
 There are two kinds of subject complements: predicate
nouns (also known as predicate nominatives) and predicate
adjectives.
Predicate Nouns
(aka – Predicate Nominative)
 A noun or pronoun that follows the linking verb; identifies,
renames, or defines the subject.
 Subject = Predicate Noun (S=PN)
Examples:
Julia is a rather quiet girl.
The winner was she.
My teacher has been the owner of that restaurant for several
years.
Predicate Adjective
 An adjective that follows the linking verb and modifies
(describes) the subject
Examples:
That dog seems frightened by the speeding cars.
Those girls beside the gym look lost.
The flowers in my garden are yellow.
My cat is quite lazy during the day.
Principal Parts of Regular Verbs
Present Participle –
(is) + -ing form of the verb
Present
4 Basic Forms of
the Regular Verb
Past
-ed or –d ending on the verb
Past Participle
(form of have, has, had +
-ed or –d form of the verb)
Regular Verbs
 A regular verb is a verb whose past and past participle are
formed by adding –d or –ed to the present. The present
participle is formed by adding –ing to the present.
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
believe
is believing
believed
(has) believed
jump
is jumping
jumped
(have) jumped
play
are playing
played
(had) played
Irregular Verbs
 Irregular verbs are verbs whose past and past participle forms are not
made by adding –d or –ed to the present.
Group I: the forms of the present, past , and past participle are all the same.
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
burst
(is) bursting
burst
(have) burst
cost
(is) costing
cost
(have) cost
cut
hit
(is) cutting
(is) hitting
cut
(have) cut
hit
(have) hit
Irregular Verbs
 Group 2: the forms of the past and past participle are the
same.
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
bring
(is) bringing
brought (has) brought
leave
(is) leaving
left
(had) left
sleep
(is) sleeping
slept
(have) slept
Irregular Verbs
 Group 3: the past participle is formed by adding –n or –en
to the past.
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
bite
(is) biting
bit
(has) bitten
freeze
(is) freezing
froze
(has) frozen
lie
speak
(is) lying
lay
(is) speaking
(has) lain
spoke
(has) spoken
Irregular Verbs
 Group 4: the past participle is formed from the present,
usually by adding -n or –en.
Present
do
fall
go
write
Present Participle
(is) doing
did
(is) falling
(is) going
(is) writing
Past
(have) done
fell
went
Past Participle
(has) fallen
(had) gone
wrote
(has) written
Irregular Verbs
 Group 5: A vowel in the verb changes from i in the present
to a in the past and to u in the past participle.
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
begin
(is) beginning
began (have) begun
drink
(is) drinking
drank
shrink
(is) shrinking
shrank (had) shrunk
swim
(is) swimming
swam (have) swum
(has) drunk
Irregular Verbs
 Forms of Be: the past and past participle do not follow any
pattern
Present
Present Participle
am, is, are
(is) being
Past
Past Participle
was, were
(has) been
SIMPLE TENSES
 TENSE – a verb form that shows the time of an action or
condition. Changing tenses allows you to be clear about
the order in which things happen.
1. Present tense - shows that an action or condition takes
place now
2. Past tense - shows that an action or condition was
completed in the past
3. Future tense – shows that an action or condition will
occur in the future
 Present tense:
We walk to school every morning.
Shelby reads many books each month.
My mom prepares delicious meals.
I am in English class.
 Past tense
I rode my bike to school yesterday.
My sister drove me to the movie theater.
Jill went to Indiana last week.
We took the English quiz and did great on it!
 Future tense:
We will take the science exam next week.
I will loan you my book.
The boys will help us plant flowers in the park on Saturday.
My horse will gallop faster than yours.
Progressive Forms of the Verb
 A progressive form of a tense expresses an action or condition in
progress. The progressive forms of the three simple tenses are
used to show that actions or conditions are, were, or will be in
progress. To make the progressive form, add the present, past,
or future form of “be” to the present participle.
1.
Present progressive – an action that is in progress (I am
learning to drive my son’s motorcycle.)
2.
Past progressive – an action that was on-going (We were
fishing at Cloe Lake last night.)
3.
Future progressive – an action that will be in progress (I will be
waiting anxiously for the test results.)
Verb Conjugation –
Present Tense
Present Tense
Singular
Plural
I study
we study
you study
you study
he, she, it studies
they study
Verb Conjugation –
Past Tense
Past Tense
Singular
I studied
you studied
he, she, it studied
Plural
we studied
you studied
they studied
Verb Conjugation –
Future Tense
Future Tense
Singular
Plural
I will study
we will study
you will study
you will study
he, she, it will study
they will study
Verb Conjugation –
Present Progressive Form
Singular
Plural
I am studying
you are studying
he, she, it is studying
we are studying
you are studying
they are studying
Verb Conjugation –
Past Progressive Form
Singular
I was studying
you were studying
he, she, it was studying
Plural
we were studying
you were studying
they were studying
Verb Conjugation –
Future Progressive Form
Singular
I will be studying
Plural
we will be studying
you will be studying
studying
you will be
he, she, it will be studying
studying
they will be
Perfect Tenses
 The present perfect tense places an action or condition in a
stretch of time leading up to the present. (Ben has created
a monster as his science fair project.)
 The past perfect tense places a past action or condition
before another past action or condition. (After Tessa had
won the race, we congratulated her.)
 The future perfect tense places a future action or condition
before another future action or condition. (Miss Setree
will have graded the tests before we go home this
afternoon.)
Verb Conjugation –
Present Perfect Tense
Singular
I have talked
you have talked
he, she, it has talked
Plural
we have talked
you have talked
they have talked
Verb Conjugation –
Past Perfect Tense
Singular
I had talked
you had talked
he, she, it had talked
Plural
we had talked
you had talked
they had talked
Verb Conjugation –
Future Perfect Tense
Singular
I will have talked
you will have talked
Plural
we will have talked
you will have talked
he, she, it will have talked they will have talked
Using Verb Tenses
Writing About the Present –You can write about the present using
the present tense, the present perfect tense, or the present
progressive form.
1.
The present tense places the actions in the present. (The
students work on their science projects during class.)
2.
The present perfect tense places the actions in the period of
time leading up to the present. (The students have worked on
their projects all week.)
3.
The present progressive form shows the actions are in progress
now. (The students are working on their projects this week.)
Writing About the Past –You can use past verb forms to indicate
the order in which events occurred.
1.
The past tense shows action that began and was completed in
the past. (Kevin made cookies for his friend’s birthday.)
2.
The past perfect tense places the actions before other past
actions. (Jonathan had planned a surprise party for his mother
before his sister thought of it.)
3.
The past progressive form shows that the actions in the past
were in progress. (Scientists were inventing new technologies
for years before they began using computers.)
Writing About the Future – By using different future verb forms,
you can show how future events are related in time.
1.
The future tense shows that the actions have not yet occurred.
(Next month we will go to Kennywood.)
2.
The future perfect tense places an action before other future
actions. (Before she graduates, Angellica will have read more
than two thousand books.)
3.
The future progressive form shows that the actions in the
future will be continuing. (Our students will be continuing their
education at the high school.)
Troublesome Verb Pairs
 Lie and Lay
 Sit and Set
 Rise and Raise
 Let and Leave
 Teach and Learn
 May and Can
Lie and Lay
 Lie means to rest in a flat position. It does not take an
object. (The dog lies at his master’s feet.)
Its principal parts are lie – (is) lying – lay – (has) lain
 Lay means to put or place. It takes an object.
(The boy laid the dog’s treats on the floor.)
Its principal parts are lay – (is) laying – laid – (has) laid
Sit and Set
 Sit means to be seated. It does not take an object.
(My cat sits on the window sill every day to watch the birds
at the feeder.)
Its principal parts are sit – (is) sitting – sat – (has) sat
 Set means to put or to place. It takes an object. (I set the
dishes on the table.)
Its principal parts are set – (is) setting – set – (has) set
Rise and Raise
 Rise means to move upward; to get out of bed. It does not
take an object.
(The moon rises over the lake every evening.)
Its principal parts are rise – (is) rising – rose – (has) risen.
 Raise means to lift or to care for or bring up. It takes an
object. (My parents raised seven children.)
Its principal parts are raise – (is) raising – raised – (has)
raised.
Let and Leave
 Let means to permit or to allow.
Its principal parts are let – (is) letting – let – (has) let
Dan let me use his book for the math test. Will you let me
use your bicycle?
 Leave means to go away from.
Its principal parts are leave – (is) leaving - left – (has) left
We will leave the dance at 9:00. Did you leave your hoodie
at home? I left the building at 3:45.
Teach and Learn
 Teach means to show how or to explain.
Its principal parts are teach – (is) teaching – taught – (has)
taught.
I taught my parakeet how to speak.
Will you teach me how to speak Spanish?
 Learn means to understand or to gain knowledge.
Its principal parts are learn – (is) learning – learned – (has)
learned.
I learned a new dance this week.
Did you learn the new dance routine?
You should learn to cook.
May and Can
 May means to be allowed to or to be likely to. It asks
permission or refers to something that is possible.
Another form of may is might.
May I borrow your bike? We might be allowed to go to
the school dance. May we go to the movies tonight?
 Can means to be able to do something. Another form of
can is could.
I can skateboard at the park. Could you bring the potato
chips for the party?