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Chapter 8
Grammar Note
SH
The Past Participle
• The past participle is a form of the verb. It is not a
tense. One use of the past participle is with the
auxiliary verb have or has to form the present
perfect tense.
•
•
•
•
Ex)
-My mark has changed
-I have failed
He has been failed by the teacher.
Cases
Base Form
-
Study
Look
Leave
Understand
Put
Past Form
- Studied
- Looked
- Left
- Understood
- Put
Past Participle
-
Studied
Looked
Left
Understood
Put
Different from the past tense
(irregular verbs)
• Base Form
-
Become
Come
Run
Blow
Draw
Fly
- Swear
Past Form
-
Became
Came
Ran
Blew
Drew
Flew
- Swore
Past Participle
-
Become
Come
Run
Blown
Drawn
Flown
- Sworn
Different from the past tense
(more irregular verbs see p. 370-1)
• Base Form
-
Tear
Wear
Break
Choose
Freeze
Speak
Past Form
-
Tore
Wore
Broke
Chose
Froze
Spoke
Past Participle
-
Torn
Worn
Broken
Chosen
Frozen
Spoken
Different from the past tense
•
-
Base Form
Begin
Drink
Ring
Arise
Bite
Drive
Be
Past Form
-
Began
Drank
Rang
Arose
Bit
Drove
was/were
Past Participle
-
Begun
Drunk
Rung
Arisen
Bitten
Driven
Been
Differnet from the past tense
• Base Form
- Eat
- Fall
Past Form
- Ate
- Fell
Miscellaneous Changes :
Do
Did
Forget
Forgot
Get
Got
Go
Went
Past Participle
- Eaten
- Fallen
Done
Forgotten
Gotten
Gone
The Present Perfect Tense
Subject
Have/Has
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
There
There
Past Participle
Worked. Eaten.
Have.
Has
has
have
Forgotten. Left.
Spoken. Understood.
Known.
Begun.
Fallen.
been a mistake.
been some problems.
Word Order
Wh- Word Have Subject Have Main Verb Complement Short Answer
He
He
Has he
has
been
hasn’t been
been
in an AA group
in an Na group.
in the group for long?
How long
Have He
Who
has
been
been
in the group?
in the group?
Short Answer : Yes, he has*
No, he hasn’t.
Note*: Don’t use a contraction for a short yes answer
The Present Perfect
We use the present perfect tense to show that an
action or state started in the past and continues to the
present.
He has been in the group since June.
She has been in the group for four days.
Now
Past
May
has been
Future
The Present Perfect Continuous
• Subject
Have/Has
Been
Verb-ing
She
I
They
Has
Have
Have
Been
Been
Been
Studying
Working
Running
Word Order – Present Perfect
Continuous
• Wh- Word Have Subject Have Been VerbingComplement Short Answer
•
•
•
•
•
How long
He
has
He
hasn’t
he
Has he
Have Who has
• Short Answer : Yes, he has.
been
been
been
been
been
Studying in School
Studying in library
Studying alone?
Studying alone?
Studying with her?
The Present Perfect with Repetition up
to the Present
• When we talk about the repetition of an action in a time
period that includes the present, we can use the present
perfect. The present perfect shows that the action can
happen again in this time period because the time period is
not finished.
• Ex) I’ve written three E-mail mails today. (It is possible that I
will write more mails today.)
The Present Perfect: Indefinite Past
Time
• We use the present perfect to refer to an action that occurred
at an indefinite time in the past that still has importance to
the present situation.
• Ex) Have you ever gone to an AA meeting? Yes, I have
• (AA = Alcoholics Anonymous – they help people and families
struggling with alcohol addiction)