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Grammar Chart
Noun- name a person,
place or thing or idea.
Ex. The donkey was
absurd.
Verb- words that show
action or being.
3 tenses:
Past- “ed” “d” or “t”
Present- occurring now
Future- “will” or “ing”
Ex. The donkey jumped
over the fence.
Appositive-A noun, noun Interjections- show
phrase, or series of
feelings; add meaning.
nouns placed next to
another word or phrase
to identify or rename it. Ex. Hmm, wonder what
that is.
Ex. The king, my
brother, has been
murdered.
Subject- The part of a
sentence or clause that
commonly indicates (a)
what it is about, or (b)
who or what performs
the action.
Predicate- One of the
two main parts of a
sentence or clause,
modifying the subject
and including the verb
Ex. The dog ran.
Ex. The dog ran.
Sentence Structures
Simple- one
independent clause
No subordinate clauses.
IC=S
Pronoun- a word used in
place of a noun.
You, me, him, I, we,
her, them, they, us, she,
he
Adjective-describe what
the noun is like.
Which one?, what
kind?, how many?
Adverb- tells how
something is done.
When?, where?, why?,
how?
Ex. The hot, dense air
swirled around us.
Ex. She danced
beautifully.
Ex. Around the corner
Subordinating Conj.
Coordinating Conjunctions-
Gerunds- verbs that end
After
until whether
Before now that
Because as
When
so
While
although
Since
unless
F- for
A-and
N-nor
in -ing and functions as
a noun.
Adjective Clause- An
adjective clause usually
begins with a relative
pronoun (which, that,
who, whom, whose), a
relative adverb (where,
when, why), or a zero
relative.
Adverb Clause- A
dependent clause used
as an adverb within a
sentence indicate time,
place, condition,
contrast, concession,
reason, purpose, or
result
Noun Clause- is a group
of words with a subject
and a verb and functions
as a subject or an object
Compound- two or
more ind. clauses joined
by a comma and a
coordinating conj or a
semicolon.
Complex- one ind.
clause, one or more
subordinating clauses.
Compound-Complex- at
least 2 ind. Clauses and
at least 1 subordinating
clause.
IC+IC=CD
Ex. When teachers
teach, students learn.
Transitions- The
connection between
two parts of a piece of
writing.
consequently
clearly, then
furthermore
additionally
however
in addition
many more…..
The relative pronouns
are which, that, who,
whom, and whose
Conjunction-connect
words, phrases or
clauses.
Ex.
Either….or
Neither…nor
Both…and
Clause- A group of
words that contains a
subject and a predicate.
Independent (IC)-clause
that can stand alone
Dependent (DC)-clause
that cannot stand alone
B-but S-so
O-or
Y-yet
Ex. Sara took her dog to
the park, and they
played Frisbee.
IC+DC=CX or DC+IC=CX
IC+IC+DC=CDCX
Ex. Teachers teach.
Ex. Teachers teach, and
students learn.
Students learn when
teachers teach.
Ex. While we are in
school, teachers teach,
and students learn.
Preposition-describes
the relationship
between a noun and
pronoun and another
word in the sentence.
Ex. "Shooting
paintballs is not an art
form."
Ex. I believe that
everything happens
for a reason.
Punctuation Rules
Period- indicating a full
stop, placed at the end
of declarative sentences
and other statements
thought to be complete,
and after many
abbreviations.
.
Comma Rules
Types of Sentences
Semi colon-A mark of
punctuation ( ; ) used to
connect independent
clauses and show a
closer relationship than
a period does.
Ex. Teachers teach;
students learn.
;
Colon- A mark of
punctuation ( : ) used
after a statement that
introduces a quotation,
an explanation, an
example, or a series.
"The airplane plip-plopped
down the runway to a halt
before the big sign: WELCOME
TO CYPRUS."
(Leon Uris, Exodus, 1958)
:
Apostrophe- A mark of
punctuation used to
identify a noun in the
possessive case or
indicate the omission of
one or more letters
from a word.
Ex. She can’t reach the
dog’s collar.
’
Hyphen - A short
horizontal mark of
punctuation ( - ) used
between the parts of a
compound word or name
or between the syllables of
a word when divided at
the end of a line. Don't
confuse the hyphen (-)
with the dash (—).
Good-bye
-
1. Use a Comma
Before a Coordinator
Use a comma before a
coordinator (and, but,
yet, or, nor, for, so)
that links two main
clauses:
2. Use a Comma to
Separate Items in a
Series
Use a comma between
words, phrases, or
clauses that appear in a
series of three or more:
3. Use a Comma After
an Introductory Word
Group
Use a comma after a
phrase or clause that
precedes the subject of
the sentence:
4. Use a Pair of
Commas to Set Off
Interruptions
Use a pair of commas to
set off words, phrases,
or clauses that interrupt
a sentence:
5. Use a comma to
separate coordinate
adjectives.
If you can put an and or
a but between the
adjectives, a comma
will probably belong
there.
"You may be
disappointed if you fail,
but you are doomed if
you don't try."
(Beverly Sills)
"You get injected,
inspected, detected,
infected, neglected, and
selected."
(Arlo Guthrie)
"When you get to the
end of your rope, tie a
knot and hang on."
(Franklin Roosevelt)
"Words are, of course,
the most powerful drug
used by mankind."
(Rudyard Kipling)
"He is a tall,
distinguished man" and
"I live in a very old,
run-down house."
Declarative sentence
makes a statement. A
declarative sentence
ends with a period.
Interrogative - sentence
asks a question. An
interrogative sentence
ends with a question
mark.
Exclamatory - shows
strong feeling. An
exclamatory sentence
ends with an
exclamation mark.
Imperative - gives a
command.
Sometimes the subject
of an imperative
sentence (you) is
understood.
Ex. The house will be
built on a hill.
Ex. How did you find the
card?
Ex. The monster is
attacking!
Ex. Cheryl, try the other
door.
Ex. Look in the closet.
(You, look in the closet.)