Download Syntax

Syntax
8 parts of speech
• Noun.
– A word to name person,
place, thing, animal, or
abstract idea
– Common v. Proper
– A proper noun has two
distinctive features: 1) it will
name a specific [usually a
one-of-a-kind] item, and 2)
it will begin with a capital
letter no matter where it
occurs in a sentence.
• Pronoun: Substitutes for a
noun and refers to a
person, place, thing, idea,
or act that was mentioned
previously or that can be
inferred from the context of
the sentence (he, she, it,
that )
Common
writer
teacher
beagle
cookie
city
restaurant
document
school
Proper
W. Shakespeare
Ms. Jeng
Snoopy
Oreo
Fremont
Tito’s Taco Palace
Declaration of
Independence
University of
California
Parts of Speech, Contd.
• Verb: Expresses action, occurrence, or state of being
(throw, happen, be)
• Adjective: A word or combination of words that modifies a
noun (blue-green, central, half-baked, temporary )
• Adverb. A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb (slowly, obstinately, much )
• Article. Signals the presence of a noun. “A” & “an” are
known as indefinite articles; the is the definite article.
• Interjection. A word, phrase, or sound used as an
exclamation and capable of standing by itself (oh, wow,
gee, oh my, my goodness, huh )
• Conjunction. A word that connects other words, phrases,
or sentences (and, but, or, because )
Parts of Speech, Contd.
• Preposition
– A word or phrase that shows the relationship of
a noun to another noun
– Locates time and place and introduces objects
of the verb
• Time: I will see you on Monday. My plane leaves at
noon. Flowers bloom in May.
• Place: The cookie fell on the floor. My heart is in
your hands. He is at the mall.
• Introduce object of verb: You didn’t laugh at my joke.
He smells of alcohol. I think about you all the time.
Wait for me.
The Preposition Song!
To the tune of “Yankee Doodle”
about above across after
against along among
around at before behind below
beneath beside between
beyond but by concerning
down during except for
from in inside into like
near of off on onto out
outside over past since through to
toward under until up
upon with within without
THESE ARE THE PREPOSITIONS!!!
Phrases and Clauses
Phrase
Clause
A group of words
A group of words
Subject and predicate? NO
Subject and predicate? YES
-Independent: full sentence
(complete thought)
-Dependent: not full sentence
(incomplete thought)
Ex: While collecting data, we
noted an increase in
temperature.
Ex: While we collected the
data, the temperature
gradually increased.
Parts that make up a sentence
• Noun
• Verb
• Punctuation mark
Elements added to a sentence to
make it more interesting, to load it
with more information, to turn it
colorful, exciting, etc.
•
•
•
•
•
Allison ran.
Sweet Allison ran.
Sweet Allison ran quickly.
Sweet Allison ran quickly into the tunnel.
Sweet Allison ran quickly into the tunnel, and she fell
down.
Types of Sentences by Structure
• Simple (S)
Subject + Verb
• Compound (C)
2 independent clauses joined by a conjunction/semicolon
• Complex (CX)
Independent clause + dependent clause(s) [separated by
comma(s)]
• Compound-Complex (CC)
2 independent clauses
≥ 1 independent clause(s) has an attached dependent
clause
• Simple (S)
I sighed.
• Compound (C)
I sighed, and I cried.
I sighed; I cried.
• Complex (CX)
When I received that email, I cried.
• Compound-Complex (CC)
I sighed, and when I received that email, I cried.
I sighed; when I received that email, I cried.
Interrupters
• An independent clause can be interrupted by any
of the following. A comma would be placed on
either side of these interrupters.
– Conjunctive Adverb
• ex: Evan speaks, furthermore, of the horrors and
consequences of cheating.
– Sentence Modifier
• ex: Julia decided, as a result, to modify the rules of the game.
– Parenthetical Expression
• The game, I think, will be a very close one.
See last slide for more examples of each kind of interrupter
Conjunctive Adverb
• An adverb that indicates the relationship in
meaning between two independent
clauses.
• Unlike a conventional adverb, which
usually affects the meaning of only a
single word or phrase, the meaning of a
conjunctive adverb (or conjunct) affects
the entire clause of which it is a part.
Conjunctive Adverbs
accordingly
afterward
also
anyhow
anyway
as a result
at last
at the same time
besides
certainly
consequently
earlier
eventually
finally
for example
for instance
further
furthermore
hence
however
in addition
in any case
incidentally
indeed
in fact
in short
instead
in the meantime
later
likewise
meanwhile
moreover
namely
nevertheless
next
now
on the contrary
on the other hand
otherwise
perhaps
similarly
so
still
subsequently
that is
then
therefore
thus
Parenthetical Expression
• A parenthetical expression is an expression
which is inserted into the flow of thought. It may
be in the middle of a sentence or between
sentences, but it does not deal directly with the
topic at hand.
• Some short parenthetical expressions like of
course are set off by commas, but parenthetical
expressions may also be set off by parentheses
and dashes.
Rules for joining
2 independent clauses
• 2 IC can be joined by a semicolon if the ideas are
closely related.
– I studied; I memorized; I passed the test.
(stylistically known as a parataxis)
• 2 IC can be joined by a coordinating conjunction.
This is the only time a comma appears between
two IC.
– Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet
– Jason T. is humongous, and he is a talented eater.
Rules for joining 2IC, contd.
• 2 IC can be joined by a semicolon followed
by a conjunctive adverb and a comma.
– Regina admires the brave soldiers;
nevertheless, she criticizes the act of war.
• 2 IC can be joined by a semicolon followed
by a sentence modifier and a comma.
– Tiffany’s golfing skills improved; refusing to
practice, her opponent became the inferior.
Identify the independent and dependent clauses
and then classify each sentence by structure.
• Solve your problems yourself.
• The screen door creaked and banged when she ran into the
house.
• Should he admit his mistake, or should he keep quiet and hope
to avoid discovery?
• People go on safari to watch wild animals in their natural
habitats.
• When I first arrived at college, I became confused about where I
fit in and who my role models should be.
• Keeping in mind the terrain, the weather, and the length of the
hike, decide what you need to take.
• Dreams are necessary; however, they can be frustrating unless
you have the means to attain them.
• Retail sales declined as consumers cut back on discretionary
spending, and many small businesses failed.
Game!
• Combine the following kernel sentences in
any way possible to write one example of
each kind of sentence structure.
– The paint is peeling.
– The roof is leaking.
– The house is in a crummy neighborhood.
– The house will never sell.
•
•
•
•
The flowers are blooming.
The birds are singing.
Spring has come.
My allergies are bothering me.