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Syntax 8 parts of speech • Noun. – A word to name person, place, thing, animal, or abstract idea – Common v. Proper – A proper noun has two distinctive features: 1) it will name a specific [usually a one-of-a-kind] item, and 2) it will begin with a capital letter no matter where it occurs in a sentence. • Pronoun: Substitutes for a noun and refers to a person, place, thing, idea, or act that was mentioned previously or that can be inferred from the context of the sentence (he, she, it, that ) Common writer teacher beagle cookie city restaurant document school Proper W. Shakespeare Ms. Jeng Snoopy Oreo Fremont Tito’s Taco Palace Declaration of Independence University of California Parts of Speech, Contd. • Verb: Expresses action, occurrence, or state of being (throw, happen, be) • Adjective: A word or combination of words that modifies a noun (blue-green, central, half-baked, temporary ) • Adverb. A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (slowly, obstinately, much ) • Article. Signals the presence of a noun. “A” & “an” are known as indefinite articles; the is the definite article. • Interjection. A word, phrase, or sound used as an exclamation and capable of standing by itself (oh, wow, gee, oh my, my goodness, huh ) • Conjunction. A word that connects other words, phrases, or sentences (and, but, or, because ) Parts of Speech, Contd. • Preposition – A word or phrase that shows the relationship of a noun to another noun – Locates time and place and introduces objects of the verb • Time: I will see you on Monday. My plane leaves at noon. Flowers bloom in May. • Place: The cookie fell on the floor. My heart is in your hands. He is at the mall. • Introduce object of verb: You didn’t laugh at my joke. He smells of alcohol. I think about you all the time. Wait for me. The Preposition Song! To the tune of “Yankee Doodle” about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond but by concerning down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside over past since through to toward under until up upon with within without THESE ARE THE PREPOSITIONS!!! Phrases and Clauses Phrase Clause A group of words A group of words Subject and predicate? NO Subject and predicate? YES -Independent: full sentence (complete thought) -Dependent: not full sentence (incomplete thought) Ex: While collecting data, we noted an increase in temperature. Ex: While we collected the data, the temperature gradually increased. Parts that make up a sentence • Noun • Verb • Punctuation mark Elements added to a sentence to make it more interesting, to load it with more information, to turn it colorful, exciting, etc. • • • • • Allison ran. Sweet Allison ran. Sweet Allison ran quickly. Sweet Allison ran quickly into the tunnel. Sweet Allison ran quickly into the tunnel, and she fell down. Types of Sentences by Structure • Simple (S) Subject + Verb • Compound (C) 2 independent clauses joined by a conjunction/semicolon • Complex (CX) Independent clause + dependent clause(s) [separated by comma(s)] • Compound-Complex (CC) 2 independent clauses ≥ 1 independent clause(s) has an attached dependent clause • Simple (S) I sighed. • Compound (C) I sighed, and I cried. I sighed; I cried. • Complex (CX) When I received that email, I cried. • Compound-Complex (CC) I sighed, and when I received that email, I cried. I sighed; when I received that email, I cried. Interrupters • An independent clause can be interrupted by any of the following. A comma would be placed on either side of these interrupters. – Conjunctive Adverb • ex: Evan speaks, furthermore, of the horrors and consequences of cheating. – Sentence Modifier • ex: Julia decided, as a result, to modify the rules of the game. – Parenthetical Expression • The game, I think, will be a very close one. See last slide for more examples of each kind of interrupter Conjunctive Adverb • An adverb that indicates the relationship in meaning between two independent clauses. • Unlike a conventional adverb, which usually affects the meaning of only a single word or phrase, the meaning of a conjunctive adverb (or conjunct) affects the entire clause of which it is a part. Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly afterward also anyhow anyway as a result at last at the same time besides certainly consequently earlier eventually finally for example for instance further furthermore hence however in addition in any case incidentally indeed in fact in short instead in the meantime later likewise meanwhile moreover namely nevertheless next now on the contrary on the other hand otherwise perhaps similarly so still subsequently that is then therefore thus Parenthetical Expression • A parenthetical expression is an expression which is inserted into the flow of thought. It may be in the middle of a sentence or between sentences, but it does not deal directly with the topic at hand. • Some short parenthetical expressions like of course are set off by commas, but parenthetical expressions may also be set off by parentheses and dashes. Rules for joining 2 independent clauses • 2 IC can be joined by a semicolon if the ideas are closely related. – I studied; I memorized; I passed the test. (stylistically known as a parataxis) • 2 IC can be joined by a coordinating conjunction. This is the only time a comma appears between two IC. – Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet – Jason T. is humongous, and he is a talented eater. Rules for joining 2IC, contd. • 2 IC can be joined by a semicolon followed by a conjunctive adverb and a comma. – Regina admires the brave soldiers; nevertheless, she criticizes the act of war. • 2 IC can be joined by a semicolon followed by a sentence modifier and a comma. – Tiffany’s golfing skills improved; refusing to practice, her opponent became the inferior. Identify the independent and dependent clauses and then classify each sentence by structure. • Solve your problems yourself. • The screen door creaked and banged when she ran into the house. • Should he admit his mistake, or should he keep quiet and hope to avoid discovery? • People go on safari to watch wild animals in their natural habitats. • When I first arrived at college, I became confused about where I fit in and who my role models should be. • Keeping in mind the terrain, the weather, and the length of the hike, decide what you need to take. • Dreams are necessary; however, they can be frustrating unless you have the means to attain them. • Retail sales declined as consumers cut back on discretionary spending, and many small businesses failed. Game! • Combine the following kernel sentences in any way possible to write one example of each kind of sentence structure. – The paint is peeling. – The roof is leaking. – The house is in a crummy neighborhood. – The house will never sell. • • • • The flowers are blooming. The birds are singing. Spring has come. My allergies are bothering me.