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Grade 8 – Grammar Unit Concrete Noun – there are two types (proper and common) Proper Noun – A noun that represents a SPECIFIC person, place, or thing. Days of the week, months, religions, languages, and historical documents are also proper nouns. When using a proper noun, remember to use a CAPITAL LETTER. This is a type of concrete noun. Common Noun – A noun that represents a person, place, or thing IN GENERAL. These nouns are only capitalized if they appear at the beginning of a sentence. This is a type of concrete noun. Abstract Noun – a noun that represents an idea Pronoun – a word that replaces a noun. Adjective – A word that describes a noun. Verb – Describes an action. Adverb – A word that describes how an action is done. These usually end with the suffix “ly”. Preposition – These words typically indicate the direction or location of an object. Conjunction – A joining or linking word. A conjunction often links two sentences (complete thoughts) together. Comma – There are several rules when using a comma: - To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more. Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between them. Use a comma when an -ly adjective is used with other adjectives. Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed. Colon – The colon is often used to introduce a list of items. (ex: You will need to bring three things to the party: chips, soda and crackers.) Semi colon – A semi colon is used to join together two independent clauses. It is also used to join two clauses using a transition such as however, therefore, or on the other hand. (ex: Jack drives a truck; Jill drives a sedan.) (ex: You should get your brakes fixed; otherwise, you might have an accident.) **Subject – The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about (ex: HOWIE MANDEL ate five cookies.) **Predicate – The predicate (which always includes the verb) goes on to relate something about the subject. Basically, it is whatever is NOT the subject in a sentence. (ex: Howie Mandel ATE FIVE COOKIES.) **Independent Clause – A full and complete thought that can stand alone. (ex: They ate chips.) **Dependent Clause – Cannot stand alone because it is not a complete thought. So, this means it depends on an independent clause to complete it. It will normally be separated from the independent clause with a COMMA. (ex: Even though Miss Kelly assigned homework,) Simple Sentence – one independent clause (a complete thought) (ex: The Rock is handsome.) Compound Sentence – two independent clauses (two complete thoughts) joined by a co-ordinating conjunction such as AND, BUT, OR, HOWEVER, etc. (ex: The Rock is handsome and he is Miss Kelly’s boyfriend.) Complex Sentence – one independent clause joined with a dependent clause. (ex: Although the game was good, the goalie played terribly.) Compound-Complex Sentence – two simple sentences (two complete thoughts) joined with a dependent clause. HINT: watch for commas (ex: Jimmy ate the apple, although, Jill ate the orange.) Declarative Statement – a regular statement of fact. Imperative Statement – a statement that gives a command. Interrogative Statement – always asks a question. Exclamatory Statement – a statement that shows strong emotion.