Download Chapter 11: Ancient Rome First Triumvirate An alliance between

Chapter 11: Ancient Rome
First Triumvirate
 An alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and
Crassus
 Rule Rome as consuls for 10 years
 Goal – to weaken the Senate and patrician class
Julius Caesar
 declared himself to be dictator for life in 45 BC.
 On March 15, 44 BC (the Ides of March), Caesar is
attacked by the Senators and assassinated because
they were scared he was trying to be king.
Second Triumvirate
 Marc Antony (Caesar’s former assistant) and Octavian
(Caesar’s adopted son) emerge and take control of
the Roman government.
End of the Republic
 27BC – Octavian is given the title CAESAR AUGUSTUS
by the Senate making him sole ruler, or emperor, of
Rome.
 This marks the beginning of the Roman Empire.
Expansion of
Empire
 Rome continues to expand its territory and grant
citizenship to conquered people.
 Empire included parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia
Trade
 Expansion of lands promoted trade in the empire
 New goods for Rome – Chinese silk, Indian spices,
African animals
 Used gold and silver coins to trade
Pax Romana
 “Roman Peace”
 A period of growth, wealth, invention, and stability
that lasted 200 years
 Included both political and cultural accomplishments
 Reached its height under Emperor Trajan
Architecture and
Engineering
1. The Arch
 Was used to build higher, more stable structures
 Most famous example – the Coliseum
Chapter 11: Ancient Rome
2. The Dome
 Used a series of arches to create a tall open area, or
vault, inside a structure
3. Roads
 unified the empire, used for trade and military
protection
4. Aqueducts
 Raised channels that supplied fresh water to cities
 Many roads and aqueducts are still in use today
Roman Religion
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Judaism
 Belief in one almighty God (Yahweh)
 Believed God would send a Messiah to restore the
nation of Israel
 FIRST major monotheistic religion
 Holy book is the Torah
Christianity
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Jesus
 Carpenter from Nazareth
 Left home to become an traveling minister with his
twelve disciples
 While preaching, he was recognized as a prophet and
healer by some followers and welcomed as the son of
Polytheistic
Most of their beliefs were adopted from the Greeks
Gave the gods Roman names
Built temples, made sacrifices, prayed
Believed in afterlife
Allowed conquered people to keep own religions as
long as they did NOT threaten Roman rule
 Judaism and Christianity seen as a threat
Belief in one almighty God
Belief in Jesus Christ as the Messiah
Holy book is the Bible
Spread beyond Jerusalem as Christians moved out of
Judea after being persecuted by the Romans
Chapter 11: Ancient Rome
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Christian Teachings
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God
His message was love and devotion to God and all of
mankind
Jesus is God in bodily form
He died on the cross (the Crucifixion) and was
resurrected from the dead so that man can be
forgiven for their sins
He remains among mankind as the Holy Spirit
Spread of
Christianity
 After the death of Jesus, his followers (Peter, John the
Apostle, and Paul) continued to spread Christianity by
teaching throughout the Middle East and
Mediterranean
Decline of the
Empire
1. Expensive to maintain the empire
 Keeping military in distant lands
 Protecting traders on land and seas
 Taxes were continuously raised
 Angered the people because they couldn’t pay
the taxes and began to lose their lands
2. Division into eastern and western empires led to civil
wars between competing groups
3. Corruption and immorality amongst Roman citizens
and government officials
4. Invasions and attacks from groups such as the
Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Huns, and Visigoths
End of the Western
Empire
 476 AD – Western Roman Empire fell to Germanic
invaders
Byzantine Empire
 The eastern portion of the Roman Empire
 Lasts another 1,000 years after the fall of the Western
Empire
 Preserved and spread the accomplishments of the
Greeks and Romans
 Center of the Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
Chapter 11: Ancient Rome
Justinian
Byzantine
Accomplishments
 Became the greatest city of the western world
 Straddled the Bosporus Strait, so it was located on 2
continents – Asia and Europe
 Was the crossroads for international trade
 Byzantine emperor
 Organized and simplified the Roman laws into a legal
system called the Justinian Code
 Educated scholars and government officials so they
could better help the citizens
 Enhanced Roman artistic style of making mosaics
from marble by adding brightly colored glass
 Built highly decorated Christian churches
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Most famous is the Hagia Sophia