Download naming using more functional groups

Fundamentals of Organic
Chemistry
Topic 10.1
• functional groups are the reactive part
of molecules
• they determine the class of chemical
being referred to
• see hand out giving:
– class – functional group – suffix – general
formula - example
The following three slides are really
not necessary anymore.
See the hand out given in class
Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with
functional groups
Functional
Group
Alcohol
Formula
-OH
Aldehyde
-COH (on the end
Structural
Formula
-O–H
O
of a chain)
-C–H
Ketone
-CO- (can’t be on O
end of chain)
-C–
Carboxylic Acid -COOH (on the
O
end of a chain)
-C–O–H
Halide
-Br, -Cl, -F, -I
-X
Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with
functional groups
Functional
Group
Formula
Alcohol
-OH
Suffix
(or Prefix)
-ol
Aldehyde
-COH
-al
Ketone
-CO-
-one
Carboxylic Acid
-COOH
-oic acid
Halide
-Br, -Cl, -F, -I
bromo-,chloro-,
fluoro-,iodo-
Alcohols: suffix = “-ol”
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol
2-methyl propan-2-ol
Aldehydes: suffix = “-al”
propanal
Note: an aldeyhde group is
always on an end carbon so
don’t need a number
butandianal
Ketones: suffix = “-one”
propanone
(don’t need C# with only three
carbons)
butanone
(don’t need C#, only four
carbons)
penta-2-one
butandione
pentan-3-one
Butan-2-one
Carboxylic Acids:
suffix = “-oic acid”
butanoic acid
Note: a carboxyl is
always on an end
carbon
propandioic acid
Halogenalkanes:
prefixes = “fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo”
1-bromopropane
2-chlorobutane
1,2-diiodoethane
1,2-difluoroethene
1,2-difluoroethene
1,1,2-trifluoroethene
Esters:
suffix = “-oate”
• two chains interrupted by an oxygen
• one chain is based on the chain containing the single
bonded O
• this chain come first in the name
• the other chain is based on the chain including the
carbonyl group.
• this chain has the ending “oate” on it
Ethers:
You should know ethers for IB
but I’m not going to test you on
it.
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/cou
rses/351/orgnom/ethers/ethers01.html
Identify primary, secondary and tertiary
carbon atoms in alcohols (-OH) and
halogenoalkanes (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I)
• with reference to the carbon that is directly
bonded to a hydroxyl or a halogen
– Primary = carbon atom is only bonded to one
other carbon
– Secondary = carbon atom is bonded to two
other carbons
– Tertiary = carbon atom is bonded to three
other carbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
• contain a benzene ring
• the name of the class come from the fact that
many of them have strong, pungent aromas
• an unsaturated carbon where the double
bonds resonate back and forth with the single
bonds
• physical evidence for its structure
– benzene crystallizes when cooled
• analysis of this showed that all six C-C bonds
had identical lengths (140 pm)
– this allows the molecule to be symmetrical instead
of the different lengths associated with singe (154
pm) and double (134 pm)
• chemical evidence for its structure
– does not react as other unsaturated
carbons do when adding hydrogen
(hydrogenation) to them
• Richard Thornley 10.1 (start at 3:20)
• I don’t think the following slides are in Topic
10 anymore. However, they should look
familiar from Topic 4 since it is still relevant to
the class.
Discuss the volatility and solubility in water of
compounds
• Volatility: how easily a substance turns
into a gas
– the stronger the intermolecular force, the less
volatile it is
– ionic › hydrogen bonding › dipole-dipole › van
der Wall’s
– therefore volatility from highest to lowest…
– alkane (only Van der Wall’s) › halogenoalkane ›
aldehyde › ketone › amine › alcohol (H bonding) ›
carboxylic acid (H bonding)
Boiling Points
• Solubility: a solute’s ability to dissolve in a
polar solvent (water)
– the more polar a substance is, the more
soluble it is
– solubility decreases as chain length
increases
– smaller alcohols, aldehydes, ketones &
carboxylic acids are typically soluble
• they are all polar as is water