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Science 9
Reproduction Methods for Plants and Animals
________________________________________ produces new individual species. The way a species
reproduces determines how much variation the new individual will have.
Asexual Reproduction
Types of Asexual
Reproduction
Binary Fission
Description
(What?)
Examples of organisms that
reproduce that way (Who?)
Single-celled organisms such as
bacteria, amoeba, and algae
Budding
Hydra, yeast, and coral
Spores
Reproduction
Fungi, green algae, molds, ferns
Vegetative
Reproduction
Cutting
Carnations, geraniums and
chrysanthemums
Tubers
Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes
Runners
Strawberries, Spider Plants
Suckers
Cherries, Apples, Blackberries,
Dandilions
Sexual Reproduction
_________________________________occurs when two individual’s gametes combine. The offspring
that are produced from this union will have a mix of characteristics (DNA) from the two parents.
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What is the benefit of sexual reproduction?
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Why are siblings not exactly the same?
What is a Gamete?
Almost all animal species reproduce sexually.
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
The male gametes are called ______________________________and the female gametes are called
_______________________________________
When these two gametes unite, it is called _______________________________
This combination of the two gametes is called a ____________________________.
The zygote splits through a process called ___________________________ and more cells are made
Continued cell division creates a multi-cellular life form called an ________________________________
This ____________________________ develops inside the female (in most mammals) or outside (like an
egg) in others.
Draw and Simplify Figure 1.47 on page 51
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Most plants produce both male and female gametes
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•
•
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____________________________- is the male gamete of a plant
____________________________- male part of the plant where the pollen is found
____________________________- contain the female gametes of the plant
____________________________- the female part of the plant where the ovules are found
How Plants Reproduce
The _______________________________ unite to produce a zygote
The zygote develops into an _________________________________
Most ____________________ in plants are in the form of a ___________________
Unlike animal embryo’s, plant embryos can remain ______________________ for a long period of time
__________________________________________occurs when the pollen is transferred from the
anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil.
__________________________________________ occurs when the pollen from one plant is carried to
the stigma of another plant.
__________________________________________ occurs when a grain of the pollen forms a long tube
which grows down the style into the ovary.
Label the Reproductive Structures on this flower. See the names of the structures on page 33
What are some advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
What are some advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
Genetic Code
What is DNA?
What do we mean by the Genetic Code?
Draw a section of DNA Featuring the Genetic Code
DNA is packaged into smaller groupings called _______________________________
•
Each cell has 2 sets of ________________________________, for humans we receive 23 from
our mom and 23 from our dad
Each organism has a different amount of chromosomes in a complete set
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Humans complete set is 46 chromosomes
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Dogs a complete set is 78
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Most chromosomes are organized into pairs and therefore a dog would have 39 pairs of
chromosomes
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If a cat has 39 chromosomes in a complete set, how many pairs of chromosomes would it have?
A __________________is a single uninterrupted segment of DNA, which contains the coded instructions
for the organisms. Researchers found out by studying fruit flies that:
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Genes are located in the chromosomes
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Each chromosome has numerous genes on it
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Genes come in pairs like chromosomes
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Both genes in a pair carry DNA instructions for the same thing ex. Leg length
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Specific characteristic genes occupy matching locations on the two chromosomes
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DNA code may not be exactly the same in both locations.
What is an allele?
Draw the picture of chromosomes, DNA, Genes and Alleles
Type of Cell
Division
Type of
Reproduction
What
Happens
Mitosis
When a single-celled organism, as well as
most cells in our body divide, the cells
contents are divided equally into 2
separate cells
Complete the stages of Mitosis and Meiosis by colouring it in.
Meiosis
is a type of cell division where each cell
ends up with only half the DNA of a
normal cell so when they combine the
zygote has a complete set of DNA
Complete the Venn Diagram based on what you know about Mitosis and Meiosis
Patterns of Inheritance
_______________________________s are characteristics physically seen
_______________________________are traits that are found in genetics
__________________________ is an animal or plant who ancestors have all had the same form of trait
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Example: Cats whose ancestors have only produced white offspring for several generations. If
we were to look at the alleles they would be the same. Also known as homozygous
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AA or aa
___________________ is an organism produced by crossing two individuals purebred for different
forms of a trait Also known as heterozygous
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Example: Breeding a purebred black cat with a purebred white cat. If we were to look at the
alleles they would be different.
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Aa
__________________________ are the outward form observed when two opposite-acting alleles are
inherited
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Example: Long leg length in fruit flies; an offspring with one short leg allele and one long leg
allele will grow long legs because it is the dominant allele.
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Example: Black coat colour in cats. If you bred a white purebred with a black pure bred they will
always have a black coat.
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Would these kittens be considered purebred or a hybrid?
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Recall that offspring of sexual reproduction inherit genes from both parents.
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Both genes in a pair carry DNA instructions for the same thing: coat colour.
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However the specific DNA instructions carried by the alleles may not be identical (black or
white)
___________________________are the outward form observed only when two same-acting, nondominant alleles are inherited.
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Example: Short leg length in fruit flies. An offspring with two short leg alleles will grow short
legs. There short-leg allele has no influence if the dominant long leg allele is present
_____________________________ happens when sometimes an allele is not completely dominant or
recessive, and can show as a blend of traits
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Example: A purebred red snapdragon breeds with a purebred white snapdragon and their
offspring will be pink
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Neither allele is truly dominant or recessive so both are somewhat expressed.
Sometimes offspring do not look like either parent or like a mixture of the two This can occur because
inheritance might not be just as simple as dominant or recessive traits There may be many gene locations and
several possible alleles involved in certain characteristics. This is why it is possible to have one brown eye and one
blue eye. Example: A black hair brown eyed father and a brown hair brown eyed mother having a baby with red
hair and blue eyes
Punnett Squares
Think about it! Does the Environment play a factor with genetics?
Complete the Bikini Bottom Genetics Assignment