Download Chapter 4: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death Test Bank MULTIPLE

Chapter 4: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. metaplasia
d. inflammation.
ANS: B
Increased function of an organ such as the heart or skeletal muscle results in organ
hypertrophy due to cellular enlargement. Atrophy refers to reduction in size of an organ due to
cellular shrinkage. Metaplasia refers to replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. Inflammation results from immune response rather than workload.
REF: Pg. 61
2. Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular
a. atrophy.
b. death.
c. proliferation.
d. mutation.
ANS: B
Apoptosis results in death of a cell when it is no longer needed. Atrophy refers to reduction in
size of an organ due to cellular shrinkage. Proliferation refers to growth of new cells.
Mutation refers to alteration in the genetic structure of cellular DNA.
REF: Pg. 64
3. All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except
a. necrosis.
b. metaplasia.
c. atrophy.
d. hyperplasia.
ANS: A
Necrosis refers to death of cells/tissue and is not reversible. Metaplasia refers to the
replacement of one differentiated cell type with another from persistent injury and is
reversible when the injury stops. Atrophy occurs due to lack of use of an organ and is
reversible. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells from increased physiologic
demands or hormonal stimulation and is reversible.
REF: Pg. 62
4. Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.
a. coagulative
b. caseous
c. liquefactive
d. fat
ANS: C
Liquefactive necrosis is produced when brain tissue dies, as it is rich in enzymes and has little
connective tissue. Coagulative necrosis occurs from ischemic injury in any tissue. Caseous
necrosis occurs in lung tissue damaged by tuberculosis. Fat necrosis occurs in adipose (fat)
tissue.
REF: Pg. 64
5. The cellular response indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism is
a. hydropic swelling.
b. lactate production.
c. metaplasia.
d. intracellular accumulations.
ANS: D
Intracellular accumulations result from faulty metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen,
and proteins. Hydropic swelling results from malfunction of the sodium-potassium pump.
Lactate production results from anaerobic glycolytic pathway. Metaplasia occurs from
persistent cell injury.
REF: Pg. 58
6. Metaplasia is
a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
b. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy.
c. an irreversible cellular adaptation.
d. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements.
ANS: A
Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another secondary to
persistent damage. Dysplasia transforms cells to preneoplastic lesions, which may become
malignant. Metaplasia is reversible when the damage is stopped. Disorganization of cells into
various sizes, shapes, and arrangements occurs in dysplasia.
REF: Pg. 61
7. The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is
a. anaplasia.
b. dysplasia.
c. metaplasia.
d. hyperplasia.
ANS: B
Dysplastic cells have the potential to become cancerous and are therefore referred to as
preneoplastic. Anaplasia, metaplasia, and hyperplasia are not considered preneoplastic.
REF: Pg. 62
8. Somatic death refers to death
a.
b.
c.
d.
of a body organ.
of the entire organism.
of nerve cells.
secondary to brain damage.
ANS: B
Somatic death refers to death of an entire organism. Somatic death is not simply death of one
body organ. Somatic death involves death of all cells in the body. Brain death refers to death
of the brain only, but organ systems can remain living with mechanical assistance.
REF: Pg. 72
9. Coagulative necrosis is caused by
a. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation.
b. trauma or pancreatitis.
c. lung tissue damage.
d. interrupted blood supply.
ANS: D
Coagulative necrosis results from interrupted blood supply leading to ischemic cell injury.
Liquefactive necrosis results from dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. Fat necrosis is
caused by trauma or pancreatitis. Caseous necrosis is caused by lung tissue damage such as
that caused by tuberculosis.
REF: Pgs. 63-64
10. Reperfusion injury to cells
a. results in very little cellular damage.
b. results from calcium deficiency in cells.
c. occurs following nutritional injury.
d. involves formation of free radicals.
ANS: D
Free radicals are formed when high-energy electrons partially reduce oxygen in reperfusion
injury. Reperfusion injury usually causes more cell damage than the original hypoxia. It
results from calcium overload in the cells. Reperfusion injury results from hypoxic injury,
rather than from nutritional injury.
REF: Pgs. 66-67
11. Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except
a. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction.
b. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation.
c. decreased blood viscosity.
d. crystallization of cellular components.
ANS: C
Hypothermia causes increased blood viscosity, which can result in ischemic injury. Initial
vasoconstriction causes ischemic injury. Rebound vasodilation leads to intense swelling which
damages peripheral nerves. Crystallization of cellular components leads to rupture of these
components.
REF: Pg. 69
12. The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the
a. membrane.
b. DNA.
c. RNA.
d. ribosomes.
ANS: B
Cellular DNA is particularly susceptible to damage from radiation via breakage of the bonds
holding the linear DNA together. Cell membranes, RNA, and ribosomes are not the most
susceptible to radiation injury.
REF: Pg. 70
13. The primary effect of aging on all body systems is
a. decreased functional reserve.
b. diseased function.
c. programmed senescence.
d. senility.
ANS: A
All body systems show age-related changes that can be generally described as a decrease in
functional reserve; aging leads to inability to adapt to (internal and external) environmental
changes. Not all effects of aging are considered disease; some are considered a normal part of
aging. Programmed senescence is currently only a theory of aging that states cells have a
pre-programmed number of cell divisions before they will die. Senility is an outdated term
used to describe the cognitive changes associated with dementia; dementia is a disease and is
not a normal part of aging.
REF: Pg. 72
14. Carbon monoxide injures cells by
a. destruction of cellular membranes.
b. reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.
c. promotion of free radicals.
d. crystallization of cellular organelles.
ANS: B
Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin preventing the red blood cell from carrying
adequate oxygen, leading to hypoxic injury. Other chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride
promote free radicals, which injure cells and destroy cellular membranes. Crystallization of
cellular organelles is caused by hypothermia.
REF: Pg. 69
15. Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is
a. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance.
b. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy.
c. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery
to other cell types.
d. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health.
ANS: C
Deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other
cell types such as in diabetes mellitus. Most of these essential nutrients must be obtained from
external sources, because the cell is unable to manufacture them. Obesity involves an excess
of caloric intake. The BMI is a measure for obesity, but does not indicate if a nutritional
imbalance is present.
REF: Pg. 67
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
16. Bacteria cause injury to cells by (Select all that apply.)
a. producing exotoxins.
b. producing endotoxins.
c. producing destructive enzymes.
d. reproducing inside of host cells altering cellular function.
e. evoking an immune reaction.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Bacteria function in multiple ways to cause cell injury, including producing exotoxins that
interfere with cellular function, producing endotoxins that cause fever and circulatory shock
when the bacteria are lysed, producing enzymes that digest cellular membranes, or evoking an
immune response with release of chemicals (e.g., histamines, kinins, lymphokines) that can
injure cells. Bacteria do not reproduce inside host cells.
REF: Pg. 67
17. Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they (Select all that apply.)
a. enter the host cell.
b. directly produce free radicals.
c. use the host’s metabolic processes to survive and replicate.
d. do not induce an immune response.
e. do not produce toxins.
ANS: A, C, E
Viruses are able to enter the host cell and use host metabolic processes to survive and
replicate. Viruses do not produce toxins. Viruses do not directly produce free radicals,
although these can be produced indirectly by the immune response that follows viral infection.
Both viruses and bacteria produce an immune response.
REF: Pgs. 67-68
18. Infectious injury often results from (Select all that apply.)
a. exotoxins.
b. endotoxins.
c. self-destruction of cells.
d. anti-inflammatory reactions.
e. enzymes from white blood cells.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Exotoxins produced by bacteria interfere with cellular functions. Endotoxins are a component
of some bacteria; when the bacteria are lyses, endotoxins are released, causing fever and even
circulatory shock. Virally infected cells may trigger their own destruction. Enzymes from
white blood cells can harm cells in the area of inflammation. Infectious injury promotes
inflammation; inflammation can cause more damage than the infecting agent.
REF: Pgs. 67-68