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Civil War
Chapter 16
The Border States
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, & Missouri
Slavery was legal, but had few enslaved people
Ties with both North and South
Comparing North & South
North
Advantages
larger population
Better resources
Goals
Restore the Union
South
Advantages
Great Military leaders
Strong will to fight
Desire to defend
Goals
Make itself an
independent nation
Confederate Strategies
Fight long enough to get support from England or France
Both countries depended on Southern cotton
Believed that the Northerners would soon tire of the war
Union Strategies
Had three main parts
1) Blockade (close) Southern ports
This would keep them from getting fresh supplies and
from being able to export their cotton to other countries
2) Gain control of the Mississippi River
Thereby cutting the confederacy in two
Called the Anaconda Plan
3) Capture the Confederate capital; Richmond,
Virginia
Americans Against Americans
Family against family
False Hopes
In search of excitement
Didn’t think it would last long
Hopes of an easy victory
Perhaps wanting to be a hero
Who were the Soldiers
Family, friends
People who felt loyalty to their faith or nation
Worried about being called a coward
Young farm boys who ran away and lied about their age
At first African Americans were not allowed but later
were
The Life of a Soldier
Camp was boring and uncomfortable
Supplies ran short
The Reality of War
Soldiers suffered terribly during the war
New rifles resulted in terrible losses
Officers used older Napoleonic warfare tactics
Many deserted
1 in every 11 Union
1 in every 8 Confederate
First Battle of Bull Run
First major battle of the Civil War; July 21, 1861
Northern Virginia near the river Bull Run
“Stonewall” Jackson rallied the Confederate forces to
push back, sending the Union into a panic
Defeat shocked Northerners into the realization of a
long costly war
War in the West
Union strategy #2
Gain control of the Mississippi and its tributaries
Cutting off supplies
Allowing union ships and troops access
War of the Ironclads
March 8, 1862 Confederacy’s Ironclad ship Merrimack
attacked Union ships off the coast of Virginia
March 9 Union’s Ironclad Monitor met with the
Merrimack in battle
First time in history metal enforced ships battled
Neither side won
The Battle of Shiloh
Tennessee April 6-7, 1862
Union won
Huge casualties on both sides
More than 23,000
New Orleans Falls
April 25, 1862 Union Victory
Captured New Orleans near the mouth of the
Mississippi
Confederacy could no longer use the river to carry
goods to sea
War in the East
Victories for the Confederacy
1862 Confederacy won Seven Day’s Battle
Second Battle of Bull Run
Battle of Fredricksburg
Lee defeated a Union twice its size at Chancellorsville,
May 1863
Invasion of the North
Lee invaded Maryland
Split his army into 4 parts with the hopes of confusing
Gen. McClellan
Two Union soldiers found the plans, giving them the
advantage
Battle of Antietam
September 17, 1862
Near Sharpsburg, Maryland
Deadliest single day of battle
6,000 killed 17,000 more wounded
The Debate
Lincoln Hated slavery but didn’t want war either
Douglas brought up foreign policy issue
Sympathized for economic reasons
Public opinion was strongly antislavery
Lincoln Decides
Constitution did not have the power to decide
September 22, 1862 issued Emancipation
Proclamation
Freeing all enslaved people January 1, 1863
Effects of the Proclamation
Did not actually free a single enslaved person
Applied only to persons held by the Confederacy
Lincoln had no power to actually enforce the law
The Government declared slavery wrong
Slavery would be banned forever; if the Union won
Different way of Life
Chapter 16 Section 3
Life at Home
About half of the 12 million school aged children did
not go to school
Some schools closed because they were too close to the
battle sites
Others were used as hospitals
Children worked to help support their families
Child labor laws 1938
Fled their homes
Shortages in the South
South suffered greatest destruction
Homes and fields were in the paths of
marching armies
Not just plantations, people who worked
their own land as well
Thousands became refugees, dependent upon
everyone for everything
“hairpin to toothpick…a cradle to a coffin”
New Roles for Women
New Roles
Kept farms and business running
Teachers
Clerks
Often made do with very little money
Treatment of Sick and Wounded
Dorothea Dix convinced official to allow women to
serve & recruited nurses
Known for her compassionate care for soldiers
regardless of what side they were on
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
Sally Tompkins: “Angel of the Confederacy”
Commissioned as a Captain in the Confederate army
Hospital had the lowest death rate of any hospital
Mary Edwards Walker
First woman army surgeon
Captured by the Confederacy after crossing enemy lines to
treat the wounded & arrested as a spy
Was a POW in Richmond Virginia until her release during
a prisoner exchange
Served on the front lines as a surgeon in the first battle of
Bull Run, Battle of Fredericksburg, & in Chattanooga
The first and ONLY woman to receive the Medal of Honor
Spies
Rose O’Neal Greenhow she was credited by Jefferson
Davis with ensuring the South victory at the first Battle
of Bull Run
Eventually caught and tried for treason
Belle Boyd of Front Royal, Virginia informed
confederate Generals of Union movements
Harriet Tubman an important “conductor” for the
underground railroad served as a spy & scout for the
Union
Prison Camps and Field
Hospitals
In the Hands of the Enemy
Exchanging prisoners meant they returned to the
battlefield
Established prison camps
Allowed to keep blanket and cup
Andersonville- GA
Opened to hold 10,000 early 1864 by August had 33,000
Men slept in holes dug into the ground
Received a teaspoon of salt, 3 tablespoons beans, & 8 oz
cornmeal a day
Drank and cooked from water that also served as a sewer
Almost 13,000 Union soldiers died there mainly from disease
Elmira- New York
Confederate soldiers suffered through a winter without
any blankets or warm clothes
Hospital was in a flooded basement that served as both
a toilet and garbage dump
Almost one quarter of the prisoners died
Field Hospitals
Surgeons traveled with the troops and set up near the
battle fields
Some regiments lost half their men to disease before
ever going into battle
Crowded together combined with unsanitary
conditions many became sick
Political and Economic Change
In the North
War Democrats criticized how the war was being run
Peace Democrats wanted the war to end immediately
Nicknamed copperheads because they were viewed as
dangerous traitors
In the South
Food shortages
Bread Riots throughout the South
Draft Laws
Both sides had difficulty recruiting enough soldiers
Confederate Congress passed Draft law in 1862
Served in the military during the war
In the North Union offered a Bounty to encourage volunteers
March 1863 also passed a draft law
A man could avoid the draft by paying a fee or hiring a substitute
July 1863 mobs rioted New York City turned on African
Americans because they opposed Emancipation Proclamation
More than 100 people died
Economic Effects
Strained both sides
North was better able to deal
Both: sold war bonds, imposed new taxes, & printed money
Northern Money was called Greenbacks
Northern industries produced war supplies
Farms profited
Prices rose faster than wages ( general increase is inflation)
Inflation was far worse in the south
Southern Victories
Section 4
Battle of Fredricksburg
General Robert E. Lee’s forces dug trenches and waited
for the Union
General Ambrose Burnside resigned
Battle of Chancellorsville
Lee divided his troops into thirds taking one part and
attacking General Joseph Hooker
Stonewall Jackson took another third and attacked
from the rear; however he later dies from wounds
Weak Union Generals
General McClellan was reluctant to do battle
Burnside was defeated at Fredricksburg
Hooker was crushed at Chancellorsville
Resigned within two months
African Americans in the War
In the South
African Americans were never allowed to enlist in the
Confederate army
Feared if they were armed they may revolt
In the North
Were not allowed at the start of the war
Lincoln feared that it may anger people in the boarder
states
1862 Union needed soldiers
Congress allowed all-black regiments
By the end African Americans made up 10% of the
Union army
The
th
54
Massachusetts
Served in the front lines of battle to take Fort Wagner
in South Carolina
Suffered nearly 300 casualties
Made famous for its courage
The Tide of War Turns
Battle of Gettysburg
Lee decided to invaded the North, hoping a victory
there would convince Britain or France to help
July 1, 1863 Lee entered Gettysburg Pennsylvania with
his troops in search of supplies
There forces met Union troops
Day 1
Union troops were outnumbered
and retreated to a high section of
ground called Cemetery Ridge
Day 2
Southern troops tried to force the Union
troops from hills named Round Top and
Little Round Top
Day 3
Lee ordered an all-out attack
Thousands of Confederate troops, led by
General George Pickett, attacked Union
forces on Cemetery Ridge
Day 3 Continued
Three-Quarters of them were wounded
or killed
July 4 Lee Retreated
Hope of Support was lost
The Vicksburg Siege
April 1863 Ulysses S. Grant laid
siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi
Both side suffered heavy casualties
Fell the same day Lee retreated from
Gettysburg
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
Following former Governor Edward Everett’s two hour
speech
Lincoln gave his 2 minute speech
Became known as The Gettysburg Address
Chapter 16-5
The War’s Final Stages
Goals and Strategies
Union Strategy
General Grant would deliver killing
blows from all sides
General William T. Sherman would lead
his troops deep into the south
Grant in Charge
May & June 1864 3 battles began in
wilderness near Richmond Virginia
Union lost 50,000 troops in 30 days
but Grant continued to fight
Sherman in Georgia
July Sherman laid siege to Atlanta
After 2 months of major resistance
on September 1 Confederate forces
abandoned the city
The Election of 1864
If Lincoln lost the war would end and
the Confederacy would be recognized
as an independent country
Lincoln believed that his reelection was
a sign that voters wanted to end salvery
Congress passed the Thirteenth
Amendment on January 31, 1865
The War’s End
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman’s forces
Burned Atlanta and marched across
Georgia to the Atlantic coast
The troops:
Tore up railroad lines, burned cities &
fields, & killed live stock
The Fall of Richmond
Sherman continued through the
Carolinas to join Grant near
Richmond
Thousands of African Americans
fled their plantations & joined them
April 2, 1865 Petersburg fell to
Grants forces
Confederate leaders ordered bridges
& weapons burned as they fled
Richmond
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9 Lee Surrendered to Grant at
the Appomattox Court House,
Virginia
Terms of the surrender were
compassionate
Union fed Confederate troops &
allowed them to return home
The Toll of the War
Deadliest in American History
Took years for the South rebuild
North’s victory freed millions and saved
the Union
The following period became known as
Reconstruction