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Civil War Chapter 16 The Border States Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, & Missouri Slavery was legal, but had few enslaved people Ties with both North and South Comparing North & South North Advantages larger population Better resources Goals Restore the Union South Advantages Great Military leaders Strong will to fight Desire to defend Goals Make itself an independent nation Confederate Strategies Fight long enough to get support from England or France Both countries depended on Southern cotton Believed that the Northerners would soon tire of the war Union Strategies Had three main parts 1) Blockade (close) Southern ports This would keep them from getting fresh supplies and from being able to export their cotton to other countries 2) Gain control of the Mississippi River Thereby cutting the confederacy in two Called the Anaconda Plan 3) Capture the Confederate capital; Richmond, Virginia Americans Against Americans Family against family False Hopes In search of excitement Didn’t think it would last long Hopes of an easy victory Perhaps wanting to be a hero Who were the Soldiers Family, friends People who felt loyalty to their faith or nation Worried about being called a coward Young farm boys who ran away and lied about their age At first African Americans were not allowed but later were The Life of a Soldier Camp was boring and uncomfortable Supplies ran short The Reality of War Soldiers suffered terribly during the war New rifles resulted in terrible losses Officers used older Napoleonic warfare tactics Many deserted 1 in every 11 Union 1 in every 8 Confederate First Battle of Bull Run First major battle of the Civil War; July 21, 1861 Northern Virginia near the river Bull Run “Stonewall” Jackson rallied the Confederate forces to push back, sending the Union into a panic Defeat shocked Northerners into the realization of a long costly war War in the West Union strategy #2 Gain control of the Mississippi and its tributaries Cutting off supplies Allowing union ships and troops access War of the Ironclads March 8, 1862 Confederacy’s Ironclad ship Merrimack attacked Union ships off the coast of Virginia March 9 Union’s Ironclad Monitor met with the Merrimack in battle First time in history metal enforced ships battled Neither side won The Battle of Shiloh Tennessee April 6-7, 1862 Union won Huge casualties on both sides More than 23,000 New Orleans Falls April 25, 1862 Union Victory Captured New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi Confederacy could no longer use the river to carry goods to sea War in the East Victories for the Confederacy 1862 Confederacy won Seven Day’s Battle Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Fredricksburg Lee defeated a Union twice its size at Chancellorsville, May 1863 Invasion of the North Lee invaded Maryland Split his army into 4 parts with the hopes of confusing Gen. McClellan Two Union soldiers found the plans, giving them the advantage Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862 Near Sharpsburg, Maryland Deadliest single day of battle 6,000 killed 17,000 more wounded The Debate Lincoln Hated slavery but didn’t want war either Douglas brought up foreign policy issue Sympathized for economic reasons Public opinion was strongly antislavery Lincoln Decides Constitution did not have the power to decide September 22, 1862 issued Emancipation Proclamation Freeing all enslaved people January 1, 1863 Effects of the Proclamation Did not actually free a single enslaved person Applied only to persons held by the Confederacy Lincoln had no power to actually enforce the law The Government declared slavery wrong Slavery would be banned forever; if the Union won Different way of Life Chapter 16 Section 3 Life at Home About half of the 12 million school aged children did not go to school Some schools closed because they were too close to the battle sites Others were used as hospitals Children worked to help support their families Child labor laws 1938 Fled their homes Shortages in the South South suffered greatest destruction Homes and fields were in the paths of marching armies Not just plantations, people who worked their own land as well Thousands became refugees, dependent upon everyone for everything “hairpin to toothpick…a cradle to a coffin” New Roles for Women New Roles Kept farms and business running Teachers Clerks Often made do with very little money Treatment of Sick and Wounded Dorothea Dix convinced official to allow women to serve & recruited nurses Known for her compassionate care for soldiers regardless of what side they were on Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross Sally Tompkins: “Angel of the Confederacy” Commissioned as a Captain in the Confederate army Hospital had the lowest death rate of any hospital Mary Edwards Walker First woman army surgeon Captured by the Confederacy after crossing enemy lines to treat the wounded & arrested as a spy Was a POW in Richmond Virginia until her release during a prisoner exchange Served on the front lines as a surgeon in the first battle of Bull Run, Battle of Fredericksburg, & in Chattanooga The first and ONLY woman to receive the Medal of Honor Spies Rose O’Neal Greenhow she was credited by Jefferson Davis with ensuring the South victory at the first Battle of Bull Run Eventually caught and tried for treason Belle Boyd of Front Royal, Virginia informed confederate Generals of Union movements Harriet Tubman an important “conductor” for the underground railroad served as a spy & scout for the Union Prison Camps and Field Hospitals In the Hands of the Enemy Exchanging prisoners meant they returned to the battlefield Established prison camps Allowed to keep blanket and cup Andersonville- GA Opened to hold 10,000 early 1864 by August had 33,000 Men slept in holes dug into the ground Received a teaspoon of salt, 3 tablespoons beans, & 8 oz cornmeal a day Drank and cooked from water that also served as a sewer Almost 13,000 Union soldiers died there mainly from disease Elmira- New York Confederate soldiers suffered through a winter without any blankets or warm clothes Hospital was in a flooded basement that served as both a toilet and garbage dump Almost one quarter of the prisoners died Field Hospitals Surgeons traveled with the troops and set up near the battle fields Some regiments lost half their men to disease before ever going into battle Crowded together combined with unsanitary conditions many became sick Political and Economic Change In the North War Democrats criticized how the war was being run Peace Democrats wanted the war to end immediately Nicknamed copperheads because they were viewed as dangerous traitors In the South Food shortages Bread Riots throughout the South Draft Laws Both sides had difficulty recruiting enough soldiers Confederate Congress passed Draft law in 1862 Served in the military during the war In the North Union offered a Bounty to encourage volunteers March 1863 also passed a draft law A man could avoid the draft by paying a fee or hiring a substitute July 1863 mobs rioted New York City turned on African Americans because they opposed Emancipation Proclamation More than 100 people died Economic Effects Strained both sides North was better able to deal Both: sold war bonds, imposed new taxes, & printed money Northern Money was called Greenbacks Northern industries produced war supplies Farms profited Prices rose faster than wages ( general increase is inflation) Inflation was far worse in the south Southern Victories Section 4 Battle of Fredricksburg General Robert E. Lee’s forces dug trenches and waited for the Union General Ambrose Burnside resigned Battle of Chancellorsville Lee divided his troops into thirds taking one part and attacking General Joseph Hooker Stonewall Jackson took another third and attacked from the rear; however he later dies from wounds Weak Union Generals General McClellan was reluctant to do battle Burnside was defeated at Fredricksburg Hooker was crushed at Chancellorsville Resigned within two months African Americans in the War In the South African Americans were never allowed to enlist in the Confederate army Feared if they were armed they may revolt In the North Were not allowed at the start of the war Lincoln feared that it may anger people in the boarder states 1862 Union needed soldiers Congress allowed all-black regiments By the end African Americans made up 10% of the Union army The th 54 Massachusetts Served in the front lines of battle to take Fort Wagner in South Carolina Suffered nearly 300 casualties Made famous for its courage The Tide of War Turns Battle of Gettysburg Lee decided to invaded the North, hoping a victory there would convince Britain or France to help July 1, 1863 Lee entered Gettysburg Pennsylvania with his troops in search of supplies There forces met Union troops Day 1 Union troops were outnumbered and retreated to a high section of ground called Cemetery Ridge Day 2 Southern troops tried to force the Union troops from hills named Round Top and Little Round Top Day 3 Lee ordered an all-out attack Thousands of Confederate troops, led by General George Pickett, attacked Union forces on Cemetery Ridge Day 3 Continued Three-Quarters of them were wounded or killed July 4 Lee Retreated Hope of Support was lost The Vicksburg Siege April 1863 Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi Both side suffered heavy casualties Fell the same day Lee retreated from Gettysburg Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Following former Governor Edward Everett’s two hour speech Lincoln gave his 2 minute speech Became known as The Gettysburg Address Chapter 16-5 The War’s Final Stages Goals and Strategies Union Strategy General Grant would deliver killing blows from all sides General William T. Sherman would lead his troops deep into the south Grant in Charge May & June 1864 3 battles began in wilderness near Richmond Virginia Union lost 50,000 troops in 30 days but Grant continued to fight Sherman in Georgia July Sherman laid siege to Atlanta After 2 months of major resistance on September 1 Confederate forces abandoned the city The Election of 1864 If Lincoln lost the war would end and the Confederacy would be recognized as an independent country Lincoln believed that his reelection was a sign that voters wanted to end salvery Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment on January 31, 1865 The War’s End Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman’s forces Burned Atlanta and marched across Georgia to the Atlantic coast The troops: Tore up railroad lines, burned cities & fields, & killed live stock The Fall of Richmond Sherman continued through the Carolinas to join Grant near Richmond Thousands of African Americans fled their plantations & joined them April 2, 1865 Petersburg fell to Grants forces Confederate leaders ordered bridges & weapons burned as they fled Richmond Surrender at Appomattox April 9 Lee Surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox Court House, Virginia Terms of the surrender were compassionate Union fed Confederate troops & allowed them to return home The Toll of the War Deadliest in American History Took years for the South rebuild North’s victory freed millions and saved the Union The following period became known as Reconstruction