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Phobia and Personality Disorder Reported by: Rica De Luna What is Phobia? A phobia is an irrational fear, a kind of anxiety disorder in which the individual has a relentless dread of a situation, living creature, place or thing. Did You Know? • Phobias are much more serious than simple fears. • Females more commonly suffer from phobias than males. • Phobias often have their origins in early life. • Symptoms may include sweating, chest pains, and pins and needles • Specific brain areas have been found to be involved in phobias. What Causes Phobia? Genetic and environmental factors can cause phobias. Children who have a close relative with an anxiety disorder are at risk for developing a phobia. Distressing events such as nearly drowning can bring on a phobia. Exposure to confined spaces, extreme heights, and animal or insect bites can all be sources of phobias. Different Types of Phobia Agoraphiobia a fear of places or situations that you can’t escape from. The word itself refers to “fear of open spaces.” People with agoraphobia fear being in large crowds or trapped outside the home. They often avoid social situations altogether and stay inside their homes. Social phobia also referred to as “social anxiety disorder.” This is extreme worry about social situations that can lead to selfisolation. A social phobia can be so severe that the simplest interactions, such as ordering at a restaurant or answering the telephone, can cause panic. Those with social phobia will often go out of their way to avoid public situations. Specific Phobias Glossophobia performance anxiety, or the fear of speaking in front of an audience. People with this phobia have severe physical symptoms when they even think about being in front of a group of people. Acrophobia the fear of heights. People with this phobia will avoid mountains, bridges, or the higher floors of buildings. Symptoms include vertigo, dizziness, sweating, and feeling as if you’ll pass out or lose consciousness. Claustrophobia the fear of enclosed or tight spaces. Severe claustrophobia can be especially disabling if it prevents you from riding in cars or elevators. Aviatophobia The fear of flying Dentophobia fear of the dentist or dental procedures. This phobia generally develops after an unpleasant experience at a dentist’s office. It can be harmful if it prevents you from obtaining needed dental care. Hemophobia fear of blood or injury. A person with hemophobia may faint when they come in contact with their own or another person’s blood. Arachnophobia fear of spiders. Cynophobia fear of dogs. Nyctophobia fear of the nighttime or darkness. This phobia almost always begins as a typical childhood fear. When it progresses past adolescence, it’s considered a phobia. Who Is at Risk of Phobia? Those with a genetic predisposition to anxiety may be at a high risk for developing phobias. Age, socioeconomic status, and gender only seem to be risk factors for certain phobias. For example, women are more likely to have animal phobias. Children or people with a low socioeconomic status are more likely have social phobias. What are the Symptoms of Phobia? • pounding or racing heart • shortness of breath • rapid speech or inability to speak • dry mouth • upset stomach or nausea • elevated blood pressure trembling or shaking • chest pain or tightness • choking sensation • dizziness or lightheadedness • profuse sweating • sense of impending doom Treatment for Phobia Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most commonly used therapeutic treatment for phobias. CBT involves exposure to the source of the fear, but in a controlled setting. This treatment can decondition people and reduce anxiety. Medication Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can help calm both emotional and physical reactions to fear. Often, the combination of medication and professional therapy makes the biggest difference. Personality Disorder What is Personality Disorder? those who struggle with a personality disorder have great difficulty dealing with other people. They tend to be inflexible, rigid, and unable to respond to the changes and demands of life. Although they feel that their behavior patterns are “normal” or “right,” people with personality disorders tend to have a narrow view of the world and find it difficult to participate in social activities. Recognizing a Personality Disorder a personality disorder must fulfill several criteria. A deeply ingrained, inflexible pattern of relating, perceiving, and thinking serious enough to cause distress or impaired functioning is a personality disorder. Personality disorders are usually recognizable by adolescence or earlier, continue throughout adulthood, and become less obvious throughout middle age. What Causes a Personality Disorder? Some experts believe that events occurring in early childhood exert a powerful influence upon behavior later in life. Others indicate that people are genetically predisposed to personality disorders. In some cases, however, environmental facts may cause a person who is already genetically vulnerable to develop a personality disorder. Types of Personality Disorder • Cluster A: Odd or eccentric behavior • Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior • Cluster C: Anxious fearful behavior Cluster A Schizoid Personality Disorder. Schizoid personalities are introverted, withdrawn, solitary, emotionally cold, and distant. They are often absorbed with their own thoughts and feelings and are fearful of closeness and intimacy with others. Paranoid Personality Disorder. The essential feature for this type of personality disorder is interpreting the actions of others as deliberately threatening or demeaning. People with paranoid personality disorder are untrusting, unforgiving, and prone to angry or aggressive outbursts without justification because they perceive others as unfaithful, disloyal, condescending or deceitful. Schizotypal Personality Disorder. A pattern of peculiarities best describes those with schizotypal personality disorder. People may have odd or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing. Strange, outlandish or paranoid beliefs and thoughts are common. People with schizotypal personality disorder have difficulties forming relationships and experience extreme anxiety in social situations. Cluster B Antisocial Personality Disorder People with antisocial personality disorder characteristically act out their conflicts and ignore normal rules of social behavior. These individuals are impulsive, irresponsible, and callous. Borderline Personality Disorder People with borderline personality disorder are unstable in several areas, including interpersonal relationships, behavior, mood, and self-image. Abrupt and extreme mood changes, stormy interpersonal relationships, an unstable and fluctuating self-image, unpredictable and self-destructive actions characterize the person with borderline personality disorder. Narcissistic Personality Disorder People with narcissistic personality have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, are absorbed by fantasies of unlimited success, and seek constant attention. Cluster C Avoidant Personality Disorder Avoidant personalities are often hypersensitive to rejection and are unwilling to become involved with others unless they are sure of being liked. Excessive social discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism, avoidance of social or work activities that involve interpersonal contact are characteristic of the avoidant personality. Dependent Personality Disorder People with dependent personality disorder may exhibit a pattern of dependent and submissive behavior, relying on others to make decisions for them. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Compulsive personalities are conscientious and have high levels of aspiration, but they also strive for perfection. Never satisfied with their achievements, people with compulsive personality disorder take on more and more responsibilities. How are Personality Disorders Treated? When these characteristics are carried to an extreme, when they endure over time and when they interfere with healthy functioning, a diagnostic evaluation with a licensed physician or mental health professional is recommended. Psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders focuses on helping them see the unconscious conflicts that are contributing to or causing their symptoms. It also helps people become more flexible and is aimed at reducing the behavior patterns that interfere with everyday living.