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Psychological Disorders What do you think? Write a definition for a psychological disorder. Do not give examples or define specific disorders- what does it mean to have a psychological disorder? Psychological Disorder –distressing & harmful; disruptive –behavior is uncontrollable –Unjustified, Irrational Psychological Disorders Must have personal distress and impaired functioning Personal Distress The behavior/symptoms causes significant personal distress to the patient (may not realize) –Potential harm to self or others Daily Impairs Functioning life functioning is impaired (one or both) –Work/School life –Home life –Varies throughout time/ culture Ancient causes of “madness” –movements of sun or moon lunacy- –evil spirits full moon (lunar) Ancient “cures” –Exorcism –Caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated – blood replaced with animal’s blood! Diagnosis DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for psychological disorders – Provides a common language & comprehensive guidelines to help diagnose Insanity legal only definition unable to determine between right & wrong or understand consequences Anxiety Disorders Anxiety = An unpleasant emotional state characterized by general, vague feelings of tension, fear and apprehension Anxiety Disorders differ from general feelings of anxiety in that… • Distressing, persistent And/or •The behaviors that reduce anxiety… … begin to control and dominate life! Anxiety Disorders are… Irrational (exaggerated or non existent threats, response is out of proportion) Uncontrollable (can not be “turned off, even if the person wants to) Disruptive (interferes with life) Types of Anxiety Disorders GAD Panic Agoraphobia Phobias PTSD OCD Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Constant worry about many issues w/o cause, seriously interferes with functioning – Physical symptoms headaches stomach aches muscle tension irritability Panic Disorder Panic attacks—sudden episode of helpless terror with high physiological arousal (increased blood pressure, heart beat, temp., sweating) Very frightening —sufferers live in fear of having them Agoraphobia often develops NOT FEAR OF OUTDOORS Fear of being in situations in which escape might be difficult, they don’t feel safepublic places, crowds, wide open spaces – Mostly confined to homes- they are safe there Specific Phobias Intense, irrational fears that may focus on ……. Inappropriate response to ……….. Natural environment type •the fear of heights (acrophobia) • the fear of lightning and thunderstorms (astraphobia). Situational type –the fear of small confined spaces (claustrophobia) – being "afraid of the dark," (nyctophobia). –Monophobia—fear of being alone –Gephyrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges. –Ligyrophobia — Fear of loud noises. –Xenophobia — Fear of strangers, foreigners, or aliens. Blood/injection/injury type – the fear of medical procedures including needles and injections (aichmophobia) Algobphobia—fear of pain Pyrophobia—fear of fire Emetophobia — Fear of vomiting. Radiophobia— Fear of radiation or x-rays Hemophopia (Haemophobia) — Fear of blood Animal type – the fear of spiders (arachnophobia) – the fear of snakes (ophidiophobia). Ailurophobia—fear of cats Myrmecophobia — Fear of ants. Cynophobia — Fear of dogs or of rabies. Mottephobia — Aversion to moths and butterflies. Other – the fear of the number 13 (triskaidekaphobia) – the fear of clowns (coulrophobia). Anthropophobia—fear of men Ephebiphobia — Fear/dislike of teenagers. Zapatophobia - Fear of shoes, socks, or sandals. Common and uncommon fears 100 Percentage 90 of people 80 surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs in high, on an closed in, and and alone exposed airplane in a insects lightning In a places small house place at night Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Driving Being Cats a car In a crowd of people Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Follows events that produce intense horror or helplessness (traumatic episodes) Actual or threatened death and/or injury – War, Rape, Accidents, Attacks, Abuse, Rescue workers May be delayed after event- onset with trigger Core symptoms include: – Frequent recollection of traumatic event, often intrusive and interfering with normal thoughts – Avoidance of situations that trigger recall of the event – Increased physical arousal associated with stress Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions—irrational, disturbing thoughts that intrude into consciousness Compulsions—repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessions The compulsions (actions) help to keep away the obsessions (thoughts) If the actions are not performed==anxiety Observable or mental compulsions OCD Examples Obsessions about getting hurt, hurting someone, getting sick, contamination, symmetry Compulsions= cleaning, checking, hoarding, touching, counting, arranging, ordering, repeating phrases Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, or grooming 85 Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair) 51 Checking doors, locks, appliances, car brake, homework 46 Personality Disorders Inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thoughts, emotions, behaviors stable over time and across situations deviate from the expectations of the individual’s culture Antisocial, Borderline, Dependent, Narcissistic Might Antisocial Personality Disorder start as conduct disorder (children) Manipulative, charming, “con man” Cruel, destructive Lacking “conscience”, no guilt, no responsibility Borderline Personality Disorder Instability of mood, selfimage, relationships Self-destructive behaviors, impulsive Fear of abandonment Dependent Personality Disorder Unable to make decisions or do things on own Narcissistic Personality Disorder self importance, success fantasies, need for ^ attention, envy arrogance – others are inferior Dissociative Disorders –literally a dis-association of memory –person suddenly becomes unaware of some aspect of their identity or history –unable to recall except under special circumstances (e.g., hypnosis) –dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder Dissociative Amnesia Margie and her brother were recently victims of a robbery. Margie was not injured, but her brother was killed when he resisted the robbers. Margie was unable to recall any details from the time of the accident until four days later. Dissociative Amnesia Memory loss the only symptom Often selective loss surrounding traumatic events –person still knows identity and most of their past Dissociative Fugue Amnesia with a journey involved – often with identity replacement – leaves home – develops a new identity – apparently no recollection of former life If fugue wears off – old identity recovers – new identity is totally forgotten Dissociative Fugue Jay, a high school physics teacher in New York City, disappeared three days after his wife unexpectedly left him for another man. Six months later, he was discovered tending bar in Miami Beach. Calling himself Martin, he claimed to have no recollection of his past life and insisted that he had never been married. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/15384724#15384724 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Norma has frequent memory gaps and cannot account for her whereabouts during certain periods of time. While being interviewed by a clinical psychologist, she began speaking in a childlike voice. She claimed that her name was Donna and that she was only six years old. Moments later, she seemed to revert to her adult voice and had no recollection of speaking in a childlike voice or claiming that her name was Donna. 2 Dissociative Identity Disorder or more distinct personalities manifested by the same person at different times, VERY rare and controversial disorder Most report recall of torture or sexual abuse as children and show symptoms of PTSD Pattern typically starts prior to age 10 (childhood) “Psychotic” loss of contact w/realityirrational, distorted Schizophrenia Disordered thoughts/ communications/ inappropriate emotions, bizarre behavior Symptoms of Schizophrenia –Hallucinations Seeing & hearing things that are not there Command (something/ someone giving orders) Symptoms of Schizophrenia –Delusions Persecution (they’re out to get me’ paranoia) Grandeur (“God” complex, megalomania) being controlled (the CIA is controlling my brain with a radio signal) Symptoms of Schizophrenia disorganized salad) speech (e.g., word – jumping from idea to idea without the benefit of logical association – Paralogic—on the surface, seems logical, but seriously flawed e.g., Jesus was a man with a beard, I am a man with a beard, therefore I am Jesus Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized behavior – behavior is inappropriate for the situation e.g., wearing sweaters and overcoats on hot days – Emotion is inappropriately expressed no emotion at all in face or speech, laughing at very serious things, crying at funny things Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid type delusions of persecution, believes others are spying and plotting delusions of grandeur, believes others are jealous, inferior, subservient Catatonic type unresponsive to surroundings, purposeless movement, parrot-like speech usually marked by immobility for extended periods Disorganized type –disorganized speech and behavior –Childlike –Inappropriate emotions –delusions and hallucinations with little meaning Mood Disorders Significant and persistent disruption in mood, causing impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning – Major depression Dysthymic disorder SAD – Bipolar disorder Major Depression extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness that disturb everyday functioning Symptoms of Major Depression Emotional—sadness, hopelessness, guilt, turning away from others Behavioral—tearfulness, dejected facial expression, loss of interest in normal activities, slowed movements and gestures, withdrawal from social activities Cognitive—difficulty thinking and concentrating, global negativity, preoccupation with death/suicide Physical—appetite and weight changes, excessive or diminished sleep, loss of energy, global anxiety, restlessness treatment •Difficult to sleep, to eat, to think, to concentrate •May have suicidal thoughts, may not be able to carry out plan Dysthymic Disorder Chronic, low-grade depressed feelings that are not severe enough to be major depression May develop in response to trauma, but does not decrease with time Usually does not severely impair functioning Over two years Seasonal Affective Disorder Episodes of depression occur in fall and winter then subside in spring and summer (Seasonal regularity) Bipolar Disorders Mood levels swing from severe depression to extreme euphoria (mania), can have “normal” in between No regular relationship to time of year (SAD) Can vary in length of time for depression and mania Must have at least one manic episode – Supreme selfconfidence – Grandiose ideas and movements, little effort in carrying out plans – Flight of ideas Aggressive, hostile, wild, incomprehensible, violent PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed state Manic state Depressed state