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Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 “History is a race between education and catastrophe.” - H. G. Wells If you sneeze too hard you can fracture a rib. If you try to suppress a sneeze you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die. If you keep your eyes open by force they can pop out. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Foundations of Rome Main Idea From a small town on the banks of an Italian river, Rome grew to control the entire Mediterranean region. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Roman Civilization Develops “All roads lead to Rome.” “Rome was not built in a day.” “When in Rome . . .” How did Rome win such a place in modern popular culture? The Founding of Rome The Founding of Rome • Peninsula logical place for emergence of mighty empire • Rome first ruled by Latin Kings • Lies almost halfway between eastern, western boundaries of the sea • Came under Etruscan rule, 600 BC • Protected by mountains, sea; rich soil, mild climate • Legend: Romulus and Remus; founded city 753 BC • Indo-European tribe, Latins, reached Italy 1000s BC; built Rome • City prospered partly from location on Tiber River - valuable trade routes, easy access to sea • Etruscans came from northern Italy • Evidence found at cemeteries indicates Etruscans great metalworkers, jewelers • Etruscan culture heavily influenced by Greeks • Etruscans had great influence on Roman society Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Question: What advantages did Rome’s location give the city? Answer(s): protected by mountains; sea provided protection and transportation; had rich soil, pleasant climate; located on major trade routes; Tiber River provided easy access to the sea Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome Becomes a Republic Etruscan Rule Ends • In 509 BC, the Romans revolted and threw out last of Etruscan kings, setup new type of government – Republic —elected officials governed state Republican Government • In early days, heads of a few aristocratic families, patricians, elected officials • Patrician families controlled all society —politics, religion, economics, military - maintained power through patronage system • From beginning, common people, plebeians, challenged patricians for power • Invaders threatened 494 BC; plebeians refused to fight until changes made – plebeian rights expanded Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Plebeian Council • After receiving new rights, plebeians formed own assembly, Plebeian Council, to oversee affairs and protect interests • Gained right to elect officials known as tribunes – protected against unjust treatment by patrician officials • Gained right to veto Laws • 450 BC, plebeians forced patricians to have all laws written down – displayed in Roman Forum • Because laws were posted, patrician judges could not make decisions based on own opinions or secret laws Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Republican Government New Offices and Institutions • Patricians, plebeians worked out practical constitution • Government consisted of three parts: Senate, popular assemblies, magistrates • Initially dominated by patricians; all state offices later open to both patricians, plebeians Elements of Government • Senate: 300 members, advised elected officials, controlled public finances, handled all foreign relations • Popular assemblies: in these all citizens voted on laws, elected officials • Magistrates: governed in name of Senate and people, put laws into practice, acted as priests Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Governing Details Consuls • When last king thrown out, his place taken by two magistrates called consuls • Elected for one year; chief executives, army commanders Praetors • Primarily judges, could act for consuls if consuls away at war • After terms ended, given military commands, appointed provisional governors Censors • Next most important after consuls • Recorded wealth, residence of population • Filled vacancies in Senate Constraints • Government worked well because of system of checks, balances • Each part could impose certain constraints on others Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Life in the Republic During the days of the Roman Republic, Rome was a thriving and vibrant city. At its heart was the Forum, the public square and site of the most important government buildings and temples. Political Center Agrarian Root • City leaders often found in Forum mingling with common people • Despite bustling nature of city, Romans prided themselves on connection with soil – Legend of Cincinnatus • Senate met in Forum - key public addresses made there • Farming, landownership the noblest ways to make money • Shopping and public celebrations • Senators forbidden to participate in any career that did not involve land, could not engage in commerce Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Question: Why do you think the Romans established a republic? Answer(s): possible answer—They wanted a system of laws to keep peace within their expanding empire. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Republic Expands Growth • As Rome’s government changed population grew • Surplus population settled on land acquired by conquering neighbors Military Might • Successful expansion due to powerful army • All Roman men between ages 17 and 46 with minimum amount of property required to serve in army during times of war • Army organized into legions – comprised of centurions - noncommissioned officers who each commanded 100 men • Army highly disciplined, well-trained, could fight in all types of terrain • Rome in control of all of Italy by 265 BC • Two strict conditions on subject people — provide troops for Roman army, abandon relations with foreign nations • Other than those conditions, Rome rarely interfered with domestic affairs of people it conquered • Now in control of Italy, turned to Sicily - Punic Wars raged for nearly 80 years (Carthage) Rome and Early Christianity Centurion Section 1 Legionaries Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Punic Wars Violence between Rome and Carthage broke out in 264 BC. Because the First Punic War was fought mostly at sea, Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the early fighting. Soon, however, the Romans built a navy of their own and were able to defeat Carthage. Hannibal Scipio • Violence soon broke out again • 218 BC, Carthaginian general Hannibal led army across Pyrenees, Alps to invade Italy • Romans decided to take war to Africa • General Publius Cornelius Scipio sailed to Africa, besieged Carthage • Hannibal ravaged Italy, defeated every army he faced • Romans needed new strategy • Forced Hannibal to sail home • Scipio defeated Hannibal, took Carthage, won Second Punic War The Romans had defeated Carthage, but it did not destroy the city as many citizens had wanted. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Carthage Falls Huge losses of Second Punic War remained in memories of many Romans • 149 BC Rome decided to destroy old enemy once and for all – Declared war on Carthage for 3rd time – After siege of three years, Carthage fell – Romans enslaved entire population, completely destroyed city, and salted the earth – They banned any people from living there Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Conquest of Greece • Punic Wars raged in western republic; Rome became involved in politics of eastern Mediterranean Macedonia, Persia • Romans and Greek allies fought, and defeated Macedonia, Persia • Both became Roman provinces • Eventually Romans annexed Greece as province • Romans adopted many elements of Greek culture, particularly art Greek Culture • Romans also borrowed ideas of religion from Greeks, adopted their gods but changed the names • Not all Romans happy with growing Greek influence, thought Rome should remain purely Roman • Influence continued for many years Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 “People always seem to know half of history and get it confused with the other half.” - Jane Haddam In a study of 200,000 ostriches over a period of 80 years, no one reported a single case where an ostrich buried its head in the sand. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 From Republic to Empire Main Idea Governmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Problems in the Late Republic By the mid-100s BC, Rome had no rival anywhere in the Mediterranean world. However, the responsibilities of running their vast holdings stretched the Roman political system to its limits. Social Unrest The Military in Politics • Revolution began in political, social institutions • 107 BC, social unrest reached new level • General Gaius Marius elected consul • Tensions grew between classes of Roman society – issue of soldier-farmers and land – Senate fear of reduced power • Eliminated property restrictions • Accepted anyone who wanted to join army • Armies, private forces devoted to general • Poor hoped to share plunder at end of war • Ruthless generals realized loyalty of troops could be used as political tool Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity General Gaius Marius Section 1 Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Social and Civil Wars The Social War • Rome’s Italian allies had been trying to obtain Roman citizenship • Senate wanted to maintain monopoly on power, refused • 90 BC, Social War broke outrebels were defeated, but granted citizenship Civil War • Social War revealed talent of General Lucius Cornelius Sulla • Sulla became consul, 88 BC; after consulship ended - he marched on Rome, won civil war, became dictator • Carried out program of reforms to protect power of Senate Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Question: What challenges faced Rome in the late Republic? Answer(s): slave revolts, social unrest, the Social War, and a civil war in which Sulla became dictator Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome Becomes an Empire Sulla paved the way for major changes in Rome’s government. The end of the Republic resulted from the ambitions of a few individuals. The First Triumvirate • Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Crassus helped bring end to Republic • Caesar, Pompey successful military commanders End of Triumvirate • Crassus died; Pompey, Caesar fought civil war • Caesar defeated Pompey, took full control of Rome, became dictator for life, 44 BC. • Crassus one of wealthiest people in Rome • Caesar brought many changes to Rome, popular reforms • 60 BC, the three took over Roman state, ruled as First Triumvirate • Senate feared he would destroy Roman Republic, murdered him, Ides of March • Caesar’s murder did not save the Republic – Civil War Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Sulla Caesar Pompey Crassus Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Second Triumvirate • Caesar’s murder did not save the Republic • 43 BC, Second Triumvirate took power—Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian; loyal officer Marc Antony; high priest Lepidus • Lepidus pushed aside; Antony, Octavian agreed to govern half the empire each, Octavian in west, Antony in East Civil War • Civil war between Octavian, Antony broke out • Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Egypt’s Queen Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC • Cleopatra, Antony committed suicide; Octavian alone controlled Rome • Republic effectively dead; new period in Roman history beginning Rome and Early Christianity Octavian; Marc Antony; Lepidus Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 From Octavian to Augustus Octavian Takes Power • Octavian faced task of restoring order in empire • Had no intention of establishing dictatorship when he took power Principate • Octavian careful to avoid title of king or emperor • Called himself princeps, “first citizen” • Government called Principate New Political Order • Octavian decided it impossible to return Rome to republican form of government • Created new political order, known today as the empire New Title • 27 BC, Senate gave Octavian title Augustus, “the revered one” • Title a religious honor - able to wear laurel and oak leaf crown Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Augustan Age New Imperial Government • Augustus head of state more than 40 years, made smooth transition to new imperial government with power divided between him and Senate • Most financial, administrative matters under Augustus’s control Foreign Affairs • Started program to bring peace to west, particularly to Gaul, Spain • Began series of conquests that pushed border eastward to Danube River • Also took special care of Rome itself Legacy • Created police force, fire brigades; stockpiled food, water • Began building program; presided over moral, religious reforms • Great period of cultural creativity; great writers like Horace, Ovid, Virgil Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Julio-Claudians and Flavians • • • • Augustus died AD 14, empire ruled by Caesar’s relatives for 54 years Julio-Claudian Emperors’ abilities varied widely Tiberius a good soldier, competent administrator Caligula, brutal, mentally unstable; appointed favorite horse as consul • AD 68, last of Julio-Claudians, Nero committed suicide Flavians • Following Nero’s death, civil wars raged in Rome • Four military leaders claimed throne in turn • Last, Vespasian reestablished order, as did reigns of two sons • Stability returned under Flavians The Good Emperors • AD 96, new line of emperors established—Good Emperors • Five rulers governed Rome for almost a century • From provinces different than Rome, continued opening Roman imperial society Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Good Emperors Empire grew tremendously under Good Emperors • Reached limits of expansion under Trajan • Added what are now Romania, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula • Successor Hadrian thought empire too large – Withdrew from almost all eastern additions – Built defensive fortifications to guard against invasions – Built wall 73 miles long in northern Britain Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Pax Romana The period from the beginning of August’s reign in 27 BC until the death of the last of the Good Emperors in AD 180 is often called the Pax Romana—the Roman Peace. This era was characterized by stable government, a strong legal system, widespread trade, and peace. Government • Government strongest unifying force in empire • Maintained order, enforced laws, defended frontiers • Aristocracy participated, but emperors made all important decisions Provinces • Empire divided into provinces ruled by governors appointed from Rome • Provincial government fair, efficient • Government in Rome kept close check on governors • Any citizen could appeal unfair treatment directly to emperor Empire brought uniformity to the cities of the Mediterranean world, which were governed in imitation of Rome. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Legal System Laws • Roman law unified the empire • Laws specified what could, could not be done; penalties for breaking law • Same laws applied to everyone in empire, wherever they lived Agriculture • Agriculture remained primary occupation throughout Pax Romana • Most farms, independent with little, no surplus to sell • Tenant farmers began to replace slaves on large farms Manufacturing • Manufacturing increased throughout empire • Italy, Gaul, Spain—artisans made cheap pottery, textiles • Fine glassware made in eastern cities like Alexandria Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Opportunities for Trade Trade • Italy imported grain, meat, raw materials from provinces; silks, linens, glassware, jewelry, furniture from Asia • Rome, Alexandria became commercial centers Transportation • Commercial activity possible because of empire’s location around Mediterranean and extensive road network • Ultimately about 50,000 miles of roads bound empire together Military and Merchant Routes • Most roads built, maintained for military purposes • Cheaper to transport grain by ship from one end of Mediterranean to other than to send it overland; most goods went by sea Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 (A). Native earth. (B). Statumen: stones of a size to fill the hand. (C). Audits: rubble or concrete of broken stones and lime. (D). Nucleus : kernel or bedding of fine cement made of pounded potshards and lime. (E). Dorsum or agger viae : the elliptical surface or crown of the road (media stratae eminentia) made of polygonal blocks of silex (basaltic lava) or rectangular blocks of saxum qitadratum. (F). Crepido, margo or semita : raised footway, or sidewalk, on each side of the via. (G). Umbones or edge-stones. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Roman Society and Culture Main Idea The Romans developed a complex society and pioneered cultural advances that, even today, affect life all over the world. Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Life in Imperial Rome Life for the Rich Life for the Poor • Pax Romana provided prosperity for many • Nearly 1 million Romans lived in crowded three- or four-story apartment buildings • Rich citizens – Had both city, country homes – Homes had conveniences like running water, baths • Wealthy men spent much time in politics • Public officials not paid; only wealthy could afford to hold office; alliances • To keep poor from rebelling: • Free food, public entertainment offered • Two things interested public—bread, circuses (Circus Maximus, bloody spectacles, and the Colosseum) Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Family, Education, and Religion Family • Head of family - oldest living male • Virtues of simplicity, religious devotion, obedience emphasized • Adoption important in Roman society – pass on family name • Women could do little without intervention of male guardian, more freedom in lower classes Education • Upper class Romans placed great value on education • Parents taught children at home; wealthy families hired tutors or sent sons to exclusive schools to learn Latin, Greek, law, math, public speaking Religion • • • • • Romans adopted much from Greek, Egyptian, and others mythology Each family worshipped local household gods, penates Many worshipped emperor Romans believed gods sent signs, warnings - came in form of natural phenomena Paid respect to augurs - priests who specialized in interpreting signs - nothing important undertaken without first consulting augurs Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Question: How was life different for rich and poor citizens in Rome? Answer(s): Rich—often had two homes and spent time in politics, women's lives controlled by guardians; Poor—lived in crowded conditions, lower-class women had more freedom, often worked outside the home Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Rome’s Cultural Legacy Although the Western Roman Empire fell in 476, much of Roman culture continued to influence life for centuries. In fact, we can still see many of the legacies of the great empire today. Science and Engineering Galen • Romans practical, tried to apply knowledge gained from science to planning cities, building water, sewage systems, improving farming • Physician, AD 100s • Roman engineers constructed roads, bridges, amphitheaters, public buildings, aqueducts to bring water to cities • Greatest authority in medicine for centuries • Invented concrete • Wrote volumes summarizing all medical knowledge of his day Other Thinkers • Ptolemy stated knowledge of others as single theory in astronomy • Pliny the Elder wrote about Mount Vesuvius Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Architecture and Language Architecture • Many examples still seen throughout southern Europe, northern Africa, Southwest Asia • Dominant advances—round arch and the vault: allowed Romans to construct larger buildings than earlier societies Beyond Latin • Romance languages developed from Latin • Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian • English owes much vocabulary to Latin: et cetera, veto, curriculum Legacies • Literature: satire • Law: civil law (based on written code) Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Question: What are some areas in which Rome’s influence is still seen? Answer(s): science, engineering, architecture, language, literature, and law Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 “History is the only lab we have in which to test the consequences of thought.” - Etienne Gilson It is physically impossible for pigs to look up into the sky. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Fall of Rome Main Idea Events and conditions inside as well as outside the Roman Empire weakened it and led to its collapse in the west in the 400s. Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Empire Weakens The Roman army’s inability to stop the Huns was one symptom of the weakness that befell the empire after the end of the Pax Romana. Weak Leaders • After 180, empire confronted by challenges from outside, growing problems within • When last of Good Emperors died, Rome had no strong leader - Civil wars broke out • Rome under increasing threat of invasions on eastern, western frontiers Military Dictatorship • Emperors increased size of Rome’s army • Demands on financial resources, military caused economic crisis • Empire: military dictatorship • Legions deposed emperors, elevated own leaders to throne • 20 emperors in 49 years; all but one died violently Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Economic Troubles • Insecurity of civil wars, invasions affected Roman life • Robbery, piracy increased; travel hazardous • Merchants feared to ship goods • Military needs required more revenue; emperors raised taxes Inflation • Value of money declined as taxes rose • Emperors minted new coins with copper, lead, and silver • People refused to accept currency at face value • Result was dramatic rise in prices, or inflation Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Question? What problems faced Rome in the late 200s? Answer(s): The empire had weak leaders, civil wars, threats of invasion, and inflation led to a weak economy. Piracy and robbery made travel hazardous. Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Attempts at Reform The crises of the 200s shattered the Roman world. Drastic reforms had to be made if the empire were to survive. Two capable emperors rose to power and gave the empire another two centuries of life. Diocletian • Diocletian took power, 284 - changed empire into absolute monarchy • Placed self above subjects, ruled with no accountability to anyone • Imperial economy came under state direction geared toward needs of imperial defense – saved empire from immediate economic collapse Divided Empire • Divided empire in two to improve efficiency • Ruled eastern half himself, appointed coemperor to rule western provinces • Caesars helped run empire Rigid Order • Forced society into rigid order – harsh laws (secret police) • Sons to follow trades, social positions of fathers • Peasants tied to land they farmed • Increased army, full attention to defense Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Constantine Diocletian Retires State Control • Diocletian’s initiatives worked well while he remained emperor • Constantine continued state control over society • Diocletian, co-emperor retired, 305; two caesars rose to become co-emperors • New emperors quarreled; empire plunged into civil war • Made two profound decisions to affect direction of future empire: converted to Christianity; built new capital—Constantinople, “city of Constantine”—on site of village of Byzantium • 312, order restored when Constantine declared emperor by his troops; put end to fighting • Eastern half of empire richer, better defended; Constantine wanted capital there Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Invasion and Fall Unfortunately, the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine did not solve the overwhelming problems of the empire. During the 300s and 400s, tribes from the empire’s frontier began to invade. The Invaders Huns • Late 300s, Huns stormed out of east and sent Germanic tribes fleeing • Imperial defenses in east held, but those in west overwhelmed • Huns formed vast empire among nomadic steppe peoples of Eurasia • Germanic tribes lived along, raided Rome’s frontiers for centuries • New peoples moved west from Central Asia, (Huns) pushed Germanic tribes into empire • Goths: captured and sacked Rome in 410 • Vandals: attacked Rome in 450s Attila •Leader of Huns, led attack on Gaul •Roman army allied with Visigoths, defeated Huns, 451 •Attila next turned on Rome; but Pope Leo I persuaded him to leave Italy Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Empire of the Huns Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Fall of the West Western Empire • Despite Huns’ withdrawal, Western Empire in shambles • Germanic tribes ruled most of western provinces, including Italy • Ostrogoths overthrew last emperor • Many historians consider this the end of the Western Roman Empire Eastern Empire • Despite western collapse, Eastern Empire endured for several centuries • People of Eastern Empire always thought of selves as Romans • Over time other influences, especially Greek, crept into culture • As a result of these influences, historians refer to the later period of the Eastern Empire by a new name, the Byzantine Empire. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Question: How did invaders contribute to Rome’s fall? Answer(s): The invasion of tribes from Central Asia caused Germanic tribes to flee into the Empire, where resistance had been weakened. Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Section 1