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Biological
Macromolecules
Nature’s Building Blocks
Create a way to put these in order. Describe how
you put them in order!
- Particles of matter
- Atoms
- Elements
- Ecosystems
- Biospheres
- Molecules
- Macromolecules
- Cell organelles
- Cells
- Galaxies
- The Universe
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organisms
- Populations
- Planets
- Planetary Systems
with Stars
Prior Knowledge Discussion
- Particles of matter
- Atoms
- Elements
- Molecules
- Macromolecules
- Cell organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
- Organisms
- Populations
- Ecosystems
- Biospheres
- Planets
- Planetary Systems with Stars
Smallest to largest!
- Galaxies
All of that is possible because of atoms!
- The Universe
Prior Knowledge Discussion
• Describe the characteristics required to be
considered a living organism.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Composed of cells
Reproduce
Contain DNA
Grow and Develop
Use and obtain energy
Respond to their environment
Maintain a stable internal environment /eliminate Waste
Evolve: change over time
Prior Knowledge Discussion
If everything is made of molecules, what are
molecules made of?
•Atoms!
Which Elements are the Building
Blocks of Life?
Almost all life forms on Earth are primarily
made up of only four basic elements:
•
•
•
•
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
(Phosphorous and Sulfur are also important in Biology)
Atoms are Elements!
Where are they Located on the Periodic
Table?
What are we Learning?
Benchmark:
 SC.912L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and
primary functions of the four major categories of biological
macromolecules. AA
Definitions
• Molecule: 2 or more atoms chemically
bonded together
o Example O2
• Compound: molecules that have more
than 2 different elements chemically
bonded together
o Example: H2O
Macromolecules are polymers
constructed of many organic molecules
called monomers.
• Monomer - small molecular subunit which joins
(form covalent bonds) with similar units to form a
polymer.
• Polymer - consists of up to millions of repeated,
covalently linked monomers.
It is a relatively small, simple molecule.
Life’s Macromolecules
• All key components of every living cell are
made of macromolecules.
“Giant Molecules”
• The four kinds of macromolecules:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What you need to know
• For each macromolecule, you need to
know:
1. The elements it contains (building
blocks)
2. The monomer structure (draw it)
3. Important functions
4. Examples
• Complete a Frayer-model for the
4 classes of macromolecules
Frayer Model
1. fold paper as demonstrated
2. Label each tab 1 macromolecule
3. Draw the structure of the macromolecule
on the front of each tab under the name
4. On the inside:
o
o
o
o
o
Building blocks
Monomer name
Function
Examples
*special notes
Carbohydrates
Building Blocks:
 Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in
a 1:2:1 ratio
Function:

Main source of energy for living things

Structural purposes
Examples:
 Monosaccharaides like glucose, galactose, and fructose
 Polysaccharides like glycogen and starch
 cellulose in cell walls
Components:

Polysccharides or monosccharides (large or small units)
Carbohydrates (sugars)
• Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio
o Example: C6H12O6
• Made up of monomers called
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
Carbohydrates
• Basic structure: CnH2nOn
• Simple Carbs (monosaccharide) :
o
o
o
o
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose/deoxyribose
• Complex carbs (polysaccharide):
o starch (bread, potatoes)
o glycogen (beef muscle)
o cellulose (lettuce, corn)
Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.
• Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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19
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose
copyright cmassengale
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
20
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
o Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
o Lactose (glucose+galactose)
o Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
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glucose
21
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
copyright cmassengale
glucose
glucose
glucose
22
Lipids
Building Blocks:
 Mostly made from carbon and
hydrogen atoms, some oxygen
Function:
 The most important lipids
are fats, which are energy storage molecules
Examples:
 Fats, steroids, oils
Components:
Joined together
by NON-POLAR
COVALENT
bonds
 A fat molecule consists of fatty acids joined to a
molecule of glycerol = TRIGLYCERIDE (lipid monomer)
Monomers of Lipids are Triglycerides
Glycerol
Fatty Acid tail
TRIGLYCERIDE
Proteins
Building Blocks:
 Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen.
Functions:
 Control the rate of reactions
 Regulate cell processes
 Form bones and muscles
 Transport substances into or out of cells
 Help to fight disease
Examples:
 ENZYMES—Speed up reaction rates
Components:
 Composed of long chains of monomer subunits called amino acids.
Protein Structure
Monomer: AMINO ACID:
1. Amino group
2. R-group
1. Carboxyl group
There are 20 different amino
acids
Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks:
 Containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Function:
 Nucleic acids store and transmit
hereditary, or genetic information.
Examples:
 There are two types of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA.
Nucleic Acids
Components:
 Assembled from
individual monomers
known as nucleotides.
 Nucleotides consist of
three parts:
 Five carbon sugar
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogenous base
 Nucleotides (monomers)
bond together to form
DNA or RNA (polymer)
Making Polymers from
Monomers
• CARBON can make 4 bonds with
adjoining atoms
• When bonding two monomers
together to make a polymer,
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS occurs
o Removal of 2 Hydrogen's (H) and 1
Oxygen (O) = - H2O
Breaking Polymers
• The opposite reaction occurs when we break the
bond between monomers
• This is called a HYDROLYSIS reaction, because the
addition of H2O will split the molecule’s covalent
bond
Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and
Hydrolysis are reverse reactions
Building Macromolecules
Grab a lab packet
Grab 2 partners (groups of 3)
And listen for instructions