Download Grammar units 1 and 2 guided notes

Name
Block
Mr. Lee
Date
Freshmen Grammar Guided Notes Part 1: Phrases and Clauses
The Parts of a Sentence
 Every sentence is made up of two basic elements: the subject and the predicate
o The subject
o

The predicate
Example: Mr. Lee forgot to hand back the papers that he graded a month ago.
o Identify the subject:
o
Identify the predicate:
Clauses: An Introduction
 A clause is

There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent
o Independent clauses are
o

Dependent clauses are
Example: Mr. Lee forgot to hand back the papers that he graded a month ago.
o Identify the independent clause in the above sentence.
o
Identify the dependent clause in the above sentence.

Dependent clauses begin with
Relative Pronouns and Subordinating Conjunctions
 Relative pronouns, like other pronouns, act as stand-ins for nouns
 List of relative pronouns:




Examples of dependent clauses being introduced with a relative pronoun:
o Mr. Lee forgot to hand back the papers that he graded a month ago.
o The test, which lasted all block long, was never graded.
Subordinating conjunctions are
List of subordinating conjunctions:
After
Although
As long as
Because
Even if
Except that
If only
In case
Unless
Until
Where
Wherever
As
Before
Ever since
Just as
When
While
Examples of dependent clauses being introduced with a subordinating
conjunction:
Name
Block
Mr. Lee
Date
Freshmen Grammar Guided Notes Part 2: Sentence Types
Sentence Types 1: The Simple Sentence
 The simple sentence is a sentence


This sentence can have as many verbs or verb phrases – or any kind of phrase
for that matter – it wants, but it must
Example: Your dog is ugly.
o Identify the subject
o
Identify the predicate
o



One subject doing one thing that can stand alone as its own sentence?
That’s an independent clause!
Example: “Your dog is ugly and makes ugly puppies.”
o “Your dog” is the only subject
o “Is ugly and makes ugly puppies” is the only predicate
 “is ugly” and “makes ugly puppies” contain two verbs! But these
are not two predicates; they are one compound predicate. Does
this ever matter? No.
o Independent clause! Woop woop.
Example: “Being an ugly dog, your dog only makes ugly puppies.”
o “Your dog” is still our only subject
o The phrase “Being an ugly dog” is a phrase that describes the subject,
but it does not contain a subject itself.
o Still only one subject, still just one predicate. Independent clause!
What about this?
o He said, “Chloe is a bad person!”

Whatever’s in the quotation marks…
Phrase Types Part 1: Appositive and Participial
 Remember, a phrase is a group of words that

There are many types of phrases! We are concerning ourselves with two types of
phrases:
o An appositive phrase is a



o
Adding appositive phrases can allow you to convey information
without breaking the intention of your sentence. It can work to
dress up boring sentences and can be used to condense multiple
sentences.
Write one sentence with an appositive phrase:
One way to create appositive phrases is to remove the relative
pronoun and verb from a dependent clause:
 “Your pet, which is a dog, is ugly ->
Participial phrases are phrases

A participial phrase modifies a noun and


Underline the participial phrases in the following sentences:
 Crying in her room, Taylor Swift wrote her latest single.
 Taylor, throwing herself on the floor in angst, found a pile
of her awards.
 Reminded of her success, she got over it.
 Participle phrases are great way to inject description into a
sentence.
Remember, phrases are not clauses, so if you have an independent clause with
a participle or appositive phrase, it is still a
One of the Basic Underlying Principles of English
 If you interrupt a thought, you must

This is called a parenthetical.
o Correct: I knew, down in my heart, that Taylor Swift was awesome.
o Incorrect: I knew, down in my heart that Taylor Swift was awesome.
o Incorrect: I knew down in my heart, that Taylor Swift was awesome.
o Not technically incorrect but can be unclear: I knew down in my heart
that Taylor Swift was awesome.
o You need both commas to fully form the parenthetical.
o Appositives and participial phrases interjected in the middle of an
independent clause are considered parentheticals and need two commas.
Sentence Types Part Two: Compound and Complex
 A compound sentence is a sentence that
o
o
This sentence type gives both clauses in the sentence equal importance.
The coordinating conjunctions:
o
Remember them by calling them: SOYBANF or BOYFANS or SONFABY
or FANBOYS or NAFYOBS or NAYFOBS or BOSNAFY
You can form compound with semi-colons as well
 Semi-colons function as periods but combine two very closely
related sentences
Underline the coordinating conjunctions in the following sentences.
 Sharks are my favorite animals, but they always bite me.
 I bite the sharks, or they bite me.
 I bite the sharks, so they don’t bite me.
 I respect sharks; they disrespect me.
o
o

A complex sentence has
o
o
o
o
o
o
This sentence type gives one clause more importance while the other
clause simply adds more information to/modifies the primary clause.
What are the two a dependent clause can attach itself to an independent
clause?


Watch for the implied “
_”
Underline the independent clauses in the following examples:
 Christmastime, which is usually my least favorite season, gave me
lots of joy last year.
 After Santa got me exactly what I wanted, I knew I had to thank
him somehow.
 I remembered how, ever since my mother told me that Santa
wasn’t real, I had lost hope in all humanity.
 I could now see that my mother, who has always been wrong
about the state of my room, is a liar.
 After she denied this, my mother grounded me because I was
being insolent.
 It was the most undeserving punishment I ever received in my life.
Complex sentence: Emma Watson, who is the most beautiful woman in
the world, doesn’t know Mr. Lee exists.
Simple sentence: Emma Watson, the most beautiful woman in the world,
doesn’t know Mr. Lee exists.
Sentence Types Part Three: Compound-Complex Sentences
 A compound-complex sentence is, well, a sentence that combines a complex
sentence with a compound sentence. A bit obvious no?
 There are three or more clauses in these sentences: 2 independent clauses and
at least one dependent clause.
 Examples:
o Although he is happy, Pharrell Williams did not know it, so he did not clap
along.
o Pharrell warned his haters to halt since he will be just fine, and he told
them not to waste their time.
 Look the following example. In the space below, write down the two independent
clauses and the one dependent clause.
o Mr. Drake questioned his bae, who used to call him on his cellphone, but
she was out in the city.