Download DNA and Replication RNA and Transcription Translation

DNA and Replication,
RNA and Transcription,
Translation (= Transcription and
Translation = processes in protein synthesis)
Videos
• Crash Course DNA
• Bozeman Biology DNA
DNA
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2. Prokaryotic = cytoplasm
Eukaryotic = Nucleus (unable to leave)
3. Chromatin, chromosomes, genes
DNA
4. The main role of DNA molecules is
information storage. DNA =
instructions needed to construct
components of cells, such as
proteins and RNA molecules.
DNA Structure
5. Two sided molecule
* Steps in middle
* Resembles a twisted ladder
6. Referred to as the
DOUBLE HELIX
Subunits = NUCLEOTIDES =
7. DNA building block
consisting of a 5-carbon deoxyribose
sugar, a phosphate group, and one of 4
nitrogen bases.
8. = **See diagram on board**
DNA Structure
9. These are the names of the
various nitrogen bases (go across
the middle to connect the two sides).
A = Adenine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine
T = Thymine
10. Nitrogen bases
that make up
the “rungs” of the DNA ladder
11. On the DNA Molecule:
Adenine always bonds with Thymine
A–T
or
T–A
Cytosine always bonds with Guanine
C–G
or
G–C
(These are called complimentary nitrogen base pairs.
They are held together by a weak hydrogen bond)
12. The sides of the DNA are
made of alternating Phosphate
and Deoxyribose sugar molecules.
13. In 1953 James D. Watson and
Francis Crick suggested what is
now accepted as the first correct
double-helix model of DNA
structure in the journal Nature.
• Their double-helix, molecular model of
DNA was then based on a single X-ray
diffraction image taken by Rosalind Franklin
and Raymond Gosling in May 1952, as well as
the information that the DNA bases were
paired—also obtained through private
communications from Erwin Chargaff in
the previous years.
Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick along with
Maurice Wilkins were awarded
the (14.) Nobel Prize in 1962 for
their discovery.
Wilkins’ partner, Rosalind Franklin died
before the award was presented.
15. A section of DNA.
16. Genes provide the cell with
the specific information (“recipe”)
needed to produce a specific
protein. 1 gene = 1 protein
DNA Replication
1.
The process performed by
cells to create two exact
copies of the DNA.
2.Occurs in the NUCLEUS of
eukaryotic cells.
3. Takes place at the during the
Synthesis stage of interphase just
prior to mitosis or meiosis.
1.
DNA helicase separates the 2 sides of
DNA at the replication fork.
2. DNA polymerase connects free nucleotides to
the nitrogen bases on the original sides of the DNA
that are serving as templates
3. Two new molecules of DNA are created,
each consisting of a side of the original DNA
and a newly formed side.
DNA Replication
Craig Savage DNA Replication
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step
1
Step
2
Step
3
Step 1 = Unzipping = The DNA
unwinds and hydrogen bonds between
the complimentary bases are
broken. The two sides separate.
Step
1
Step
2
Step
3
Step 2 =Free DNA nucleotides move
in between the sides and begin to
bond complimentary bases with
existing bases on each side.
Step
1
Step
2
Step
3
Step 3 =Two identical semiconservative DNA molecules are
created = each has one side from the
original strand of DNA and a newly
formed side.
DNA Replication
• DNA Replication Animation Complex
• DNA Replication Bozeman Bio
RNA
1. Ribonucleic Acid
2. In the cytoplasm of prokaryotic
cells; in the nucleus and the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
3. Functions to carry genetic
information to the ribosomes
(=mRNA) and to transfer amino
acids to the ribosomes (=tRNA).
RNA Structure
Bozeman Bio RNA
4. Subunits = NUCLEOTIDES
RNA building block consisting of a 5carbon ribose sugar, a phosphate
group, and one of 4 nitrogen bases.
5. 4 Nitrogen bases =
A = Adenine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine
U = Uracil
RNA Functions
6. mRNA = messenger RNA
7. Carries genetic information (=a copy
of 1 DNA gene) to the ribosomes.
8. A single sided molecule composed
of nucleotides.
*not a double helix
*shorter than DNA
(only the length of 1 gene)
mRNA Structure
RNA
9. The copying of a DNA gene to create
a complimentary strand of mRNA. The
result of this process is mRNA.
10. In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
The Process of
TRANSCRIPTION
1.The DNA unwinds
at the gene to be
transcribed.
2.Unzipping = H bonds
break between the
bases on the DNA.
3.The sides of the
DNA separate.
4.Free RNA
nucleotides move
in between the
DNA strands .
*RNA nucleotides
temporarily bond
with their
complimentary
bases on the one
side of DNA.
REMEMBER: NO “T” base ON RNA!
5. A complimentary
mRNA is created by
copying the DNA
gene.
* The newly created
mRNA exits the DNA
and the nucleus.
* mRNA travels to a
ribosome to be
“read” During the
process of translation.
Transcription Animation
• Transcription #1
• Transcription #2
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Found in the nucleus
Nucleotides present
N bases = A,T,G,C
Double helix
Ribose sugar
N bases = A,U,G,C
Complimentary bases held together with
an H bond
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Single strand
• Contains many genes
•
•
•
•
Travels to a ribosome
Produced during replication
Ester bonds present
Produced during transcription
TRANSLATION
11.The reading of the mRNA by a
ribosome to assemble an amino acid
chain and create a protein.
12. Ribosomes
13. mRNA carries information from a
DNA gene to a ribosome.
TRANSLATION
14.A triplet of letters on mRNA
*Most codons code for specific
amino acids.
*See mRNA Codon Chart**
mRNA Codons for Amino Acids
STOP
codons
START
Codon
15.tRNA carries amino acids from the
cytoplasm to the ribosome during
translation of mRNA.
16.Anticodon = the three tRNA bases
complimentary to those in a mRNA
codon.
17.Protein subunits = amino acids.
Translation = diagram on board; notes below:
1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
2. If “start” codon (= AUG) is read, the ribosome
begins to read the mRNA 1 codon at a time.
3. tRNA’s deliver amino acids to the ribosome
– peptide bonds links amino acids together.
4. Polypeptide chain of amino acids is
released when a “stop” codon is read.
5. Polypepide chain folds into its 3-D shape =
protein
Translation Animations
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#1
#2
DNA Processes Animation (for Worksheet)
Transcription and Translation Bozeman
Protein Synthesis Crash Course