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Name: __________________________ Biology 43 Midterm Review Chapter 1: Science of Biology Big ideas: 1. Nature of scientific investigations 2. Characteristics of living things Terms 1. Science 2. Observation 3. hypothesis 4. independent variable 5. dependent variable 6. control group 7. data 8. theory 9. biology 10. homeostasis 11. metabolism Key Concepts 1. What are the big ideas of biology? Provide a list and description of each 2. Explain the steps in the scientific process. Design an experiment utilizing all of the steps. Differentiate between dependent and independent variables Observation – Hypothesis – Indepedndent variable – Dependent variable - Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Big ideas: 1. Chemical organization of life Terms Atom Nucleus Electron Element Molecule Solution Solute Solvent pH Key Concepts 1. What are the basic chemical principles that affect living things? 2. Describe the structure of an atom. 3. Identify the 4 macromolecules. Describe the properties of those macromolecules. 4. Why are enzymes important in organisms? Chapter 3: The Biosphere Big ideas 1. Matter and energy 2. Interdependence in nature Terms Biosphere Species Population Community Ecology Ecosystem Biome Biotic factor Abiotic factor Autotroph Photosynthesis Heterotroph Carnivore Herbivore Scavenger Omnivore Decomposer Detritivore Food Chain Key Concepts 1. How do Organisms interact and depend on each other and their environment for survival? 2. How do abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems? 3. What is an ecosystem? 4. Describe biodiversity and evaluate the importance of biodiversity to ecosystems. 5. Describe the 4 biogeochemical cycles. 6. What role do humans play in the disturbance of those cycles and describe the potential effects that this might have on the planet? Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities Big idea Interdependence in nature Abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems Terms Weather Climate Greenhouse effect Habitat Niche Resource Predation Keystone species Symbiosis Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Key Concepts 1. What is climate? 2. What is a niche? 3. How does predation shape communities? 4. What are the three primary ways that organisms depend on eachother? (Symbiosis) 5. What abiotic and biotic factors characterize biomes? Chapter 5: Populations Big idea Interdependence in nature Change in populations Terms Population density Immigration Emigration Carrying capacity Limiting factor Density dependent Density independent Key Concepts 1. What factors contribute to changes in populations? 2. What factors determine carrying capacity? 3. What limiting factors depend on population density? 4. What limiting factors do not depend on population density? 5. How have human activities shaped local and global ecology? Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Big ideas 1. Cellular basis of life 2. Homeostasis Terms Cell Cell theory Cell membrane Nucleus Eukaryote Prokaryote Cytoplasm Organelle Lysosome Cytoskeleton Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cell well Lipid bilayer Selectively permeable Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Homeostasis Key Concepts 1. List and describe the 3 components of the cell theory. 2. Describe a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Describe the major differences between the two types of cells. 3. How does the plasma membrane regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell? Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Big ideas Cellular basis of life Cells require energy to support life processes Terms ATP Heterotroph Autotroph Photosynthesis Pigment Chlorophyll Key Concepts 1. What is the role of ATP in cells? What bonds are broken to release the energy from ATP? 2. What happens in photosynthesis? 3. What is the role of pigments in photosynthesis? 4. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis? Chapter 9: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Big ideas Cellular basis of life Cells require energy to support life processes Terms Cellular respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Fermentation Key Concepts How do heterotrophs obtain energy? What is cellular respiration? How do the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis relate to eac hother? What is the role of oxygen? When does fermentation occur? Why is fermentation important? Chapter 10 Big ideas Growth, development and reproduction Terms: Cell division Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Chromosome Chromatin Chromatid Cell cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Cancer Tumor Embryo Key Concepts 1. How do asexual and sexual reproduction compare? 2. Why does cell division occur? (Three reasons) 3. What are the main events of the cell cycle? Describe what happens in each stage. 4. How is the cell cycle regulated? 5. What is different about cancer cells compared to other cells? Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Terms Genetics Fertilization Hybrid Alleles vs. Genes Gamete Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Homologous Diploid Haploid Meiosis Zygote Key Concepts Be able to perform a monohybrid cross. Use Punnett squares to show the passing of genes from one generation to the next. Where does an organism get its unique characteristics? How are different forms of a gene distributed to offspring? Who was Mendel and what did he do to help our understanding of genetics? How is meiosis different from mitosis? Chapter 12 DNA Terms Base pairing Double helix Nucleotide Complementary base pair Key Concepts Who were the scientists responsible for discovering that DNA was heredity material? Who were the scientists that helped discover the structure of DNA? What is the role of DNA in heredity? What does the structure of DNA look like?