Download Ch. 22 Section 2: Early Space Missions

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Study Guide for Space Test
Ch. 22 Section 2: Early Space Missions
1. What is a satellite?
A satellite is any natural or artificial object that revolves around another object.
2. What is the name of the first artificial satellite and who launched it?
The former Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite called Sputnik I in 1957.
3. Who was the first man in space and where was he from?
Yuri A. Gagarin from the former Soviet Union was the first human in space in 1961.
4. What were the goals of the following space missions?
Project Mercury
Project Gemini
Project Apollo
1961
1962
1969
Pilot spacecraft around Earth Orbit the Earth with a team First human on the Moon
and safely return (Alan B. of 2 Astronauts
(Neil Armstrong – 1st man on
Shepard – 1st US in space;
moon
John Glenn – 1st US to orbit
“Buzz” Aldrin from Apollo 11)
along
with
Edwin
Earth)
5. What does the acronym NASA stands for?
NASA stands for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Ch. 23: The Sun-Earth-Moon System
1. Vocabulary:
a. sphere: a round, three-dimensional object whose surface is the same distance from
its center at all points
b. axis: the imaginary line around which a planet such as Earth spins
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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c. revolution: Earth’s yearly orbit around the Sun
d. rotation: the spinning of Earth on its axis
e. ellipse: an elongated, closed curve
f. solstice: the point at which the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of
the equator
g. equinox: reached when the Sun’s position is directly over Earth’s equator
h. Moon phases: the changing appearances of the Moon as seen from Earth
i. new moon: when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun and cannot be seen
j. waxing: when the amount of the Moon’s lighted surface seen on Earth is increasing
k. waning: when the amount of the Moon’s lighted side that can be seen becomes
smaller
l. full moon: when all of the Moon’s surface that faces Earth is lit up
m. first quarter: waxing Moon phase in which one-half of the Moon’s lighted side can
be seen from Earth
n. third (last) quarter: waning Moon phase in which only one-half of the lighted
side of the Moon can be seen from Earth
o. solar eclipse: when the Moon temporarily blocks the sunlight reaching Earth
p. lunar eclipse: when Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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q. maria: dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon
r. impact basin: hollow area formed on the Moon by an object striking its surface
2. Be able to label the eclipses based on a diagram.
Lunar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
3. Be able to label the phases of the moon. (HINT: start with the new moon, then label waxing
before waning)
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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4. Know the dates of the solstices and equinoxes. Also be able to label them on a diagram
along with their season.
Summer solstice – June 21
Winter solstice – December 22
Spring equinox – March 21
Fall equinox – September 22
5. Know what causes the tides.
The ocean tides are caused mostly by the
moon’s gravity. When the Sun, Moon,
and Earth line up, the gravitational pull
is greatest causing the high tides, the
spring tides. The low tides, neap tides,
occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon
form right angles.
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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Ch. 24: The Solar System
1. The Solar System is our Sun and everything that travels around it.
2. Our Solar System is elliptical in shape.
3. Eight known planets and their moons, along with comets, asteroids, and other space objects
orbit the sun.
4. The Sun
a. The Sun spins slowly on its axis as it revolves around the galaxy.
b. The Sun also produces big explosions of energy called solar flares.
5. The Planets
a. A planet is a large space object which revolves around a star.
b. There are two groups of planets named inner planets and outer gas planets.
6. Mercury – closest to the Sun
a. Mercury is about the same size as our Moon.
b. Mercury can only be seen from Earth just before sunrise or just after sunset, but not
in the middle of the night.
No moons
7. Venus – Earth’s Twin
a. Venus is called the Evening Sun, because it looks so bright to us from Earth.
b. This planet is unusual because it rotates in a direction opposite that of all of the
other planets.
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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8. Earth – The Water Planet
a. Seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water.
b. It has an atmosphere made up of many different gases, but mainly it is nitrogen
(78%) and oxygen (21%).
9. Mars – The Red Planet
a. The iron in the clay is what gives Mars its red color.
b. Mars also has some of the tallest volcanoes and some of the deepest valleys in our
solar system.
10. Jupiter – The largest planet (Great Red Spot – hurricane like storm)
a. Jupiter is so large that all of the other planets in the solar system could fit inside of it.
11. Saturn – the ringed planet
Moons –
Titan and
Pandora
a. Saturn is surrounded by over 1,000 rings made of ice and dust.
b. The size of the particles in the rings range from pebble-size to house-size.
12. Uranus – Neptune’s Twin
a. Uranus is large enough to hold 64 planets the size of Earth.
b. The cold methane gas is what gives Uranus its blue-green color.
13. Neptune – The Blue Planet (dark blue spot)
Moon –
Triton
a. Neptune has winds in its atmosphere which blow at over 2000 kilometers per hour.
b. Neptune has 13 moons.
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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14. Pluto – 1st Dwarf Planet
a. Some astronomers think Pluto is not a real planet, but a dwarf planet.
b. Pluto is actually smaller than one of Neptune’s moon, Triton.
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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Ch. 25: Stars and Galaxies
1. Vocabulary
a. constellations: patterns of stars; groups of stars whose positions in the sky seem
to change as Earth moves
b. light years: the distance light travels in one year
c. galaxy: large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity
d. nebula: earliest stage of a star’s formation
e. black hole: final stage in the evolution of a supernova, where the core’s mass
collapses to a point that it has no volume and whose gravity is so strong that not even
light can escape
2. Hertzsprung and Russell Diagram – graph showing the relationship among a star’s
color, temperature, and brightness
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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3. The Sun
a. The Sun produces energy by fusing hydrogen into helium in its core. Light is given
off from the photosphere, which is the lowest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere.
b. Sunspots are areas of the Sun that are cooler and less bright than surrounding areas
c. Be able to label the Sun’s atmosphere and layers:
4. Evolution of Stars – sequence of star formation
1. Star forms in a nebula
2. Main sequence star fuses hydrogen
3. Giant fuses helium in its core
4. Helium is used up, core contracts to form white dwarf
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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5. The Galaxy
a. Galaxies can be spiral, elliptical, or irregular in shape.
b. The galaxy in which we live is called the Milky Way and it contains about 200 billion
stars.
Unit 7 Astronomy Ch.22-25 - Space (pp. 636-767)
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