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Transcript
CSCOPE Unit 7 Forces That Change the Earth Glossary Asthenosphere—layer in the upper part of Earth’s mantle that is made of material that can be reshaped and deformed, and on which the continents move Convergent boundary— formed where two sections of Earth’s crust are colliding Basalt—type of dense igneous rock that makes up oceanic crusts Delta—a fan-shaped deposit of sediments found where a river empties into a lake or ocean Canyon—a narrow valley with steep sides cut into the earth by running water Deposition—process by which water, ice, wind, and gravity deposit eroded sediments in new location Crust—the thin, rigid outer layer of the Earth Continental drift—the hypothesis that all continents were once connected in a single, large land mass that broke apart and drifted to the present locations; proposed by Alfred Wegener Depression—a low spot in the topography of the earth; a large hole in the ground Divergent boundary—forms where lithospheric plates are moving away from each other Contour interval—difference in elevation between two contour lines on a topographic map Earthquake—energy traveling as waves passing through earth, caused by a sudden shift along a fault line, or volcanic activity Contour line—on a map, line that connects points of elevation above sea level Erosion (transport)—the movement of soil and sediment from one location to another by wind, water, ice, gravity, or living organisms Convection—transfer of thermal energy in a fluid (liquid or gas), in which warmer fluid rises and cooler fluid sinks in a convection current Fault—a break in Earth’s crust along which movement occurs 1 Mantle—the thickest of Earth’s layers found between the outer core and the crust; is a solid but is so hot and under so much pressure it flows like a thick liquid Granite—a type of igneous rock that makes up continental crust Hachure marks—small inward pointing lines that indicate a depression on a topographic map Metamorphic rock—rock that has been transformed underground by intense heat and pressure Igneous rock—rock formed when molten lava or magma cools and solidifies Mountain—a tall topographic feature on the Earth’s surface formed by volcanic eruptions, or the tectonic folding or faulting of the Earth’s crust Index contours—darkened contour lines on a topographic map used to find elevation Island—a smaller body of land surrounded by water Pangaea—an ancient single land mass believed to have broken up to form today’s continents Lava—molten rock that erupts from a volcano Law of Superposition—in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is on the bottom and become younger as you move upward; proposed by Nicholas Steno Plate tectonics—the theory that includes the study of continental drift and the concept of seafloor spreading; proposed by Dan McKenzie Principle of Uniformitarianism—states that geologic forces that change the earth today, also operated in the past; proposed by James Hutton (Father of Modern Geology) Lithosphere—the solid part of earth that includes the crust and the outer mantle Magma—liquid, molten rock beneath Earth’s surface River—a flowing body of water 2 Rock—a mixture of minerals, volcanic glass, or organic matter formed by natural processes Subduction—the process in which one lithospheric plate slides under another; occurs at converging boundaries Rock cycle—the slow, continuous process by which rocks change from one type to another Tectonic plates—giant, irregular pieces of Earth’s outermost layer that move around on the softer mantle below Seafloor spreading—theory that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a midocean ridge; proposed by Harry Hess Topography—the shape of the Earth’s surface Topographic map—a map that uses contour lines to show the surface features of an area Sediment—small particles of rock, soil, sand, or shell deposited by water, wind, ice, or gravity Transform boundary— boundary between two lithospheric plates where the plates are sliding past each other Sedimentary rock—rock formed when layers of sediment are pressed together and cemented over time by heat, pressure, and dissolved minerals Tsunami—a giant, dangerous ocean wave triggered by an earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption Seismic waves—a vibration that travels through Earth, usually caused by an earthquake; measured by a seismograph Volcano—hill or mountain formed by material that erupts onto Earth’s surface Weathering—process by which water, wind and ice wear down rocks and other exposed surfaces (physical and chemical) Slope—the amount of deviation or tilt from the horizontal plane 3 4