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Political Timeline, World Events, People ca. 4000 BC ?-2500 BC ca. 2500 BC ca. 2500-2000 BC ca. 2000 BC 2000-1845 BC 1845-1445 BC ca. 1500 BC 1445-1405 BC 1405-1398 BC 1398-1043 BC 1190 BC ca. 1000 BC 1043-931 BC 931-722/606 BC 800-700 BC 776 BC 753 BC 722 BC Pre 700 BC 606/586-536 BC 582-507 BC 551-479 BC 536, 458, 445 BC 509 BC ca. 500 BC 469-399 BC 431-404 BC 427-348 BC 423 BC 384-322 BC 359-336 BC 356 BC 338 BC 336 BC 323 BC 301 BC 275 BC ca. 250-150 BC 200 BC 198 BC 167-165 BC 146 BC Egyptian Empire – Assyrian Empire – Babylonian Empire – Persian Empire – Greek Empire – Roman Empire Adam Antediluvian Period Noah Postdiluvian Period Abraham Patriarchal Period Israel in Egypt Moses Wilderness Wanderings Conquest of Canaan Judges of Israel Trojan War David United Kingdom Divided Kingdom First notated music extant First recorded Olympic Games Rome (city) founded by Romulus and Remus 753-509 BC – The city developed from a village to a city ruled by kings Assyrian captivity of Israel Homer Babylonian captivity of Judah Pythagoras Confucius Three Returns from captivity for Jews Roman Republic established Romans expelled the kings and established the Republic Ezra Socrates Peloponnesian War – War between basically the city-states of Athens and Sparta with other cities backing one or the other. With the help of the Persians the Spartans won Much of Greece is left poor and weak Plato Samaritan temple built on Mt. Gerizim – John 4:20 Aristotle, worked in Athens Rule of Phillip II, King of Macedon(ia) – north of Greece Alexander the Great is born, son of Phillip II Tutored by Aristotle Phillip II conquered the Greeks and unified the Greek city-states and Macedonia into one empire Philip II, is assassinated Alexander becomes king Alexander’s empire extends from Greece – South to Egypt and East to India He took an army of Greeks and Macedonians and attacked the Persian Empire and gradually took it over then continued east The areas that are now Turkey, Phoenicia, Israel, Egypt, then east to Afghanistan and India Alexander considered himself to be the apostle and emissary of the classical Greek culture. He took historians, ethnographers, geographers, botanists, zoologists, mineralogists, and hydrographers on his conquests. Hellenism was spread everywhere he went. Including Jerusalem Alexander the Great dies Empire divided into three distinct Hellenistic empires Macedonia and parts of Greece Seleucid Empire (Syria) – from western Asia Minor to Mesopotamia, established by Seleucus Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt and the North African coast, along with some islands in the Mediterranean, established by Ptolemy The Romans are beginning to expand out of Italy Sicily – the Romans were fighting the Carthaginians The Greeks helped the Carthaginians but they lost The Romans were angry at the Greeks for helping and they began taking Greece over The Romans pretended to let Greece be independent but eventually destroyed Corinth and made Greece a province of the Roman Empire in 146 BC Septuagint translation in Alexandria Great Wall built in China Judea was in a “buffer zone” between the Ptolemies and Seleucids until 198 BC when the Seleucids gained control During the Seleucid period is when Antiochus Epiphanies desecrated the temple – 168 BC Maccabean Revolt – Jews gain their independence from the Seleucids Greece turned into a Roman province 63 BC 44 BC 42 BC 37-4 BC 31 BC 27 BC Roman defeated Greece militarily but Greece defeated Roman culturally Rome continues to spread Greek culture. Rome was interested in Greek plays and philosophy Many Greeks went to Rome as teachers and entertainers & Romans went to Athens to the colleges, Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum Rome gains control over Judea – defeated by Pompey This is just a part of the extension of power Rome was gaining over the whole Mediterranean region that began in 275 BC This extension put an immense strain on the Republic • New tax revenues • Expanded economy • Higher standard of living New wealthy class at Rome • • Political corruption • Social dislocation • Moral decline • Political bribery is common Abused slaves in the countryside • • Plantations revolted and were often joined by the oppressed poor • Divorce, adultery, prostitution, pederasty A highly centralized, stronger role seemed necessary, and eventually the Romans looked more and more to the military for leadership. The Roman Senate began losing power Series of strong military leaders in the 1st century BC • Pompey Julius Caesar • • Antony • Octavian Antipater is appointed ruler of Judea Political and military decisions and fighting persisted during this period Rule and alliances changed frequently Unclear if Antipater was actually appointed ruler or if it was his son, Herod, who actually ruled Judea is a client kingdom of Rome Julius Caesar is murdered This was an attempt to take Roman government out of the hands of the generals and return it to the Senate Octavian and Antony had defeated Caesar’s murderers Octavian controls Italy and the West Antony controls the East as far as the Euphrates Herod the Great ruled the “client kingdom” of Judea As Rome expanded it set-up client kingdoms in some of the areas it conquered Client kingdoms were ruled by “there own” independent or semi-independent King, but Rome was the source of the power, money, and authority. Possibly due to the political connections of his father, Herod was able to marry into the ruling family in Judea, or he succeeded his father Antipater as ruler. He was a successful client king because he paid tribute to Rome and was on the correct side of any kind of Roman disputes. Rebuilt and greatly expanded the Temple in Jerusalem King of Judea when Jesus is born At his death Judea subdivided among three of his sons • Herod Antipas (Tetrarch) – northern territories of the Galilee and those on the east side of the Jordan River Beheaded John the Baptist because of relationship with Herodias, Herodias was his brother Philip’s wife Matthew 14:1-12 • Tried to question Jesus before his crucifixion • Luke 23:7-11 • Phillip – took the areas to the east of the Sea of Galilee, now known as the Golan Heights, and a lot of territory in this area • Archelaeus – took the major portion, most important cities, usually referred to as Judea After 10 years he was removed by Rome and replaced by military governors – Pontius Pilate is one of the first round of Prefect’s, Procurator’s (military governor’s) he took over in 26 AD • Aristobulus – another son of Herod the Great but not given any territory. Herod Agrippa is his son and Herod Agrippa II is his grandson. Herod Agrippa died by worms???? • Acts??? Herod Agrippa II did??? • Acts??? Octavian defeats Antony’s forces Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide When Octavian returns to Rome the Senate conferred upon him the title Augustus. Roman Empire established with Octavian – Augustus Caesar the first emperor 6 BC 4 BC 14 AD 26-36 AD ca. 30 AD 32~33 AD 33~34 AD 37 AD 41 AD 43 AD 46~49 AD 47~48 AD 48~49 AD 49 AD 49-51 AD 51 AD 51~55 AD 54 AD 63 64 AD ca. 66~80 AD 67 AD 68 AD 69 AD 56~57 AD 56 AD 58~60 AD ca. 60~70 AD 60 AD 61 AD 62 AD He is emperor when Jesus is born Jesus is born Seneca is born (4 BC – 65 AD) Roman philosopher, dramatist, and statesman Deeply influenced by the Stoic philosophy Tutored Nero Forced to commit suicide by Nero for conspiracy to kill Nero Tiberius becomes emperor He appointed Pontius Pilate as Roman military governor or procurator Emperor at the time of the ministry and crucifixion of Jesus Died by being smothered with a pillow while on his death bed from a terminal illness – wasn’t dying fast enough Pilate holds the position of military governor Took over after Archelaeus, ruler of Judea after his father Herod the Great died, was removed by Rome The governor had complete judicial authority over all who were not Roman citizens. Many times, especially cases relating to religious matters, the Sanhedrin made decisions, ex. The Sanhedrin trial of Jesus The Sanhedrin sent Jesus to the Roman authority because it could not impose the death sentence Recalled to Rome in 36 AD May have committed suicide, or was secretly a Christian and was condemned to death by the Roman Senate He is considered a martyr by the Coptic church, major Christian church in Egypt, which celebrates his feast day on June 25 Jesus is crucified Day of Pentecost Stoning of Stephen – Acts 7:54 Paul is converted – Acts 9:1 Caligula is emperor Demanded that he be addressed as a god Demanded that statues of himself be set up in the Temple of Jerusalem Assassinated by his private Praetorian Guard Claudius becomes emperor Poisoned by his fourth wife, Agrippina, to allow Nero to become emperor Paul’s trip to Antioch Epistle of James is written Paul’s 1st missionary journey – Acts 13-14 Peter at Antioch – Gal 2:11-16 Epistle of Galatians is written Jerusalem council – Acts 15:6-29 Paul’s 2nd missionary journey – Acts 15:40 – 18:22 Epistles of 1st & 2nd Thessalonians written Paul’s 3rd missionary journey – Acts 18:23 – 21:16 Nero is emperor Christianity is singled out as an enemy of Nero and the Roman Empire. The loyalty of Christians to “Jesus as Lord,” was irreconcilable with the worship of the Roman emperor as “Lord”. Committed suicide or assassinated in 68 AD Epistle of Romans written Epistles of 1st & 2nd Corinthians written Paul is arrested – Acts 21:26 Paul appears before Felix and Drusilla – Acts 24:24-26 Paul is imprisoned in Caesarea then later sent to Rome – Acts 24:27 – 28:16 Matthew & Hebrews are written Epistles of Philemon, Colossians, Ephesians are written Acts and Philippians are written James, the Lord’s brother is killed Peter in Rome Mark is written Paul in Macedonia 1 Timothy is written Titus and 1 Peter are written Great fire devastated most of Rome Nero may have set the fire but blames the Christians Peter and Paul may have been martyred by Nero around this time (maybe as late as 68) Jude is written 2 Timothy is written Galba, Otho, Vitellius all claim the emperorship Vespasian is named emperor He had been sent to crush a full scale revolt by the Jews (66 – 70 AD) • Jewish Revolt (66-70 AD) For several years there was growing tension over the last few governors of the • countryside, they were abusive and corrupt administrators, Bandits and rebels in the country, The Rise of the Zealot movement, Jewish nationalists • Specifically – there was a riot in Caesarea, Jewish inhabitants of Caesarea had • 70 AD 70~90 AD 79 AD 81 AD 96 AD 98 AD 100 AD 117 AD 138 AD 161 AD 306 AD 313 AD 325 AD 354-430 AD 393 AD 398 AD 1517 AD 1546 AD 1509-1564 AD 1646 AD 95 AD gotten angry over the relationships with their gentile neighbors and had gone on a rampage. The governor wanted them to pay for the damages. The Jews refused and the governor went to Jerusalem to demand the money come out of the temple treasury and this ignited the revolt. Titus, Vespasian’s son, ultimately ended the Jewish revolt by destroying Jerusalem Jerusalem destroyed Council of Jamnia Titus is emperor Vesuvius erupts destroying Pompeii Domitian is emperor Tyrant Had enemies murdered Laid a heavy tax on the people, especially the Jews Enamored with his own divinity Persecuted the Christians John was exiled to Patmos during his reign Backdrop of Revelation 1, 2, 3 John are written Revelation is written (also maybe in 64 AD) Nerva emperor Trajan emperor John dies Hadrian emperor Antonius Plus emperor Marcus Aurelius emperor Also a Stoic philosopher Constantine I – Emperor of Rome Edict of Milan First Council of Nicaea Augustine Council of Hippo Council of Carthage Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis – October 31, 1517 Council of Trent John Calvin – Institutes of the Christian Religion 1539-59; translated 1561 Westminster Confession of Faith (Calvinist document)