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Transcript
REPRODUCTION CHAPTER 11.1 RECALL THE TWO IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WE ASKED…. • What is the significance of Mitosis? • Why do Chromosmes come in Pairs? ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • One Parent • Genetic Continuity – Identical Offspring • Many Offspring – Quickly • Less Maturation Time • Nuclear Division = MITOSIS TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BINARY FISSION (SPLITTING IN TWO) FRAGMENTATION - (PIECES) • Fragmentation- A kind of reproduction where the “body” breaks into several pieces and the pieces develop into complete adults. FRAGMENTATION - (PIECES) B U D D I N G BUDDING • New individuals split off of the original organism. CYTOPLASM DIVIDES UNEQUALLY MULTICELLULAR BUDDING - SPONGE PARTHENOGENESIS Parthenogenesis = a process in which a female produces an egg that develops into an adult without ever being fertilized. CLONING MORE ABOUT CLONING DURING CHAPTER 15! SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Requires two parents (cells) • Union of special cells called GAMETES • Sperm and Eggs or pollen and ovum • Provides GENETIC VARIATION • Usually mature more slowly TYPES OF GAMETES EGG & SPERM POLLEN & OVUM SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Advantages: • Genetic variation • Genetically diverse populations are able to withstand changes and disease better. Disadvantages: • Need to expend energy looking for mate • Produce fewer offspring. HERMAPHRODITES • Organisms with ovaries and testes • Produce both eggs and sperm. EARTHWORMS HAVE TESTES AND OVARIES CHROMOSOME REVIEW • A chromosome is an X shaped object that contains DNA. • Within the DNA lies the codes for every characteristic of a living thing. CHROMOSOME REVIEW • Every chromosome consists of two identical halves called “sister chromatids” • The chromosome has a backup copy of the DNA. CHROMOSOMES • Genes are located on located on chromosomes. • Each chromosomes contains thousands of genes. • A gene controls a specific trait such as your height or hair color. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS • Every species has a specific number of chromosomes. • Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS • Mosquitos have only 6 chromosomes in each cell. • How many pairs of chromosomes does a mosquito have? HAPLOID VS. DIPLOID CELLS • Diploid cell- A cell that has two copies of each chromosome. • This would include all somatic/body cells • New cell will have an identical copy of DNA • Diploid cells are produced by mitosis • Mitosis is an asexual process. • We call these cells “2N” cells. • Examples would include: liver cells, etc. HAPLOID VS. DIPLOID CELLS • Haploid cells- Have only one (half) set of chromosomes. • This includes ONLY GAMETES (egg/sperm). • The two gametes will combine to create a new organism with full set of chromosomes (half from mom, half from dad). • Haploid cells are created through meiosis. • Meiosis is a sexual process. • We call haploid cells “1N” or “N” HAPLOIDS VS. DIPLOID CELLS SPECIES HAPLOID (N) DIPLOID (2N) HUMANS 23 (# chromosomes in sperm/egg) 46 (# chromosomes in somatic/body cells) MONKEY CORN 42 10 CATS FRUIT FLY 38 4 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES • Homologous chromosomes- Each diploid cell has a pair of chromosomes known as homologous chromosomes. • They are similar in shape size and genetic make-up. • In each homologous pair one chromosome came from your mother and one from your father. HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS AUTOSOMES VS. SEX CHROMOSOMES • Autosomes- Chromosomes with genes that do not determine the sex of an individual. • Sex chromosomes- Chromosomes that do determine the sex of an individual. AUTOSOMES VS. SEX CHROMOSOMES Sex chromosomes (Female)