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Roadmap of protein traffic inside cell Two ways in which a sorting signal can be built into a protein Some typical signal sequences Nuclear Pore complexes perforate the nuclear envelope Nuclear pore complexes Nuclear side of the nuclear envelope Face on view of nuclear complexes without the membrane Side view of 2 nuclear pore complexes Transport through nuclear pore complexes occurs through free diffusion and active transport Nuclear import signal direst proteins to the nucleus Single amino acid mutation in signal will prevent import into the nucleus Nuclear import receptors bind to nuclear porins and nuclear localization signal of cargo protein Different nuclear localization signals bind different import receptors Ran GTP provides energy for nuclear protein import Ran-GTP controls cargo loading and unloading Transmembrane transport into the mitochondria and chloroplasts Subcompartments of mitochondria and chloroplasts Signal sequence for mitochondrial import red = positively charged yellow = nonpolar Signal sequence for mitochondrial import can form amphipathic α - helix α - helix is recognized by receptor proteins Protein translocators in mitochondrial membrane Protein import by mitochondria DVD Clip 55 Protein transport into the peroxisomes Roadmap of protein traffic inside cell Insertion of rhodopsin into the ER membrane Most proteins in the ER are glycosylated Proteins in cytosol are rarely glycosylated original precursor oligosaccharide added to most proteins in the ER Protein glycosylation in the rough ER Oligosaccharides are used as tags to mark the state of protein folding Misfolded proteins are exported from ER and destroyed