Download Introduction - Mr. hawkins

Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
What is A&P
• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of
the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and its
parts work or function
• Gross anatomy
• Microanatomy
• Developmental
Atoms
Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Molecule
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cardiovascular
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
6 Organismal level
The human organism is made up
of many organ systems.
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Figure 1.1
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food
O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2
O2
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Urinary
system
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine
from the external environment
Figure 1.2
Necessary Life Functions
1. Maintaining boundaries between internal and
external environments
2. Movement (contractility)
3. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to
stimuli
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism:
– Catabolism and anabolism
6. Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism
and digestion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth
Survival Needs
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
– Affects rate of chemical reactions
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
•
•
•
•
•
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
a dynamic state of equilibrium
Positive and Negative feedback
Under constant change
Neural and hormonal control systems
– Receptor
– Control center
– Effector
3 Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
2
Receptor
detects
change.
Receptor
4 Output:
Control
Center
Afferent
Efferent
pathway
pathway
1
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
BALANCE
Information sent along
efferent pathway to
effector.
Effector
5
Response
of effector
feeds back
to reduce
the effect of
stimulus
and returns
variable to
homeostatic
level.
Figure 1.4
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
BALANCE
Stimulus
Response
Body temperature rises;
stimulus ends
Body temperature falls
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Shivering
begins
Effectors
Sweat glands
Sweat glands activated
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Body temperature falls;
stimulus ends
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to
effectors
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Efferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to effectors
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Figure 1.5
Body Cavities
Serous Membranes
• Line cavities and cover organs-linings are kept
separate by the serous fluid secreted by these
linings.
• Visceral layer
• Parietal layer
Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal pleura
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Organ Systems
The Language of A&P
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
– Position
– Direction
– Regions
– Structures
Body Sections
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
(a) Lateral view
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
Abdominopelvic Regions
Abdominopelvic Quadrant
Common Body Regions
Time????
• Aging occurs at every level from organism down to
molecular.
• 3rd decade- begin to notice that joints stiffen, grey hair, fine
lines and wrinkles…really old for women who want kids
• 4th-5th decade- adult onset disorders like High BP,
diabetes, heart disease, cancer ect….
• 6th decade-grayer and whiter hair, more and deeper
wrinkles, vaccinations do not work as well
• Loss of collagen, elastin, and subcutaneous fat cause
wrinkles.
• Cell reach end of predetermined cell divisions as
telomeres wear away
• Cell division is impaired so wound healing becomes a
problem and cancer more likely
• Have less mitochondria= less energy
• Free radicals increase in number and destroy
cellular organelles
• Genetics will help us better understand
• http://www.infoaging.org/