Download by body cells. - Shelton State

Atoms
Organelle
Smooth muscle cell
Molecule
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cardiovascular
system
Heart
Blood
vessels
Smooth muscle tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
6 Organismal level
The human organism is made up
of many organ systems.
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food
O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2
O2
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Urinary
system
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Feces
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environment
Urine
Hair
Skin
Nails
(a) Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
Skeletal
muscles
(c) Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
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Brain
Spinal
cord
Nerves
(d) Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
Heart
Blood
vessels
(f) Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Red bone
marrow
Thymus
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic stream. Houses white
blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. The immune response mounts
the attack against foreign substances
within the body.
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
(h) Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchanges occur through
the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
(i) Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable
units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells. Indigestible
foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
(j) Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of the blood.
Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Prostate
gland
Ovary
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ductus
deferens
Uterus
Vagina
Uterine
tube
(l) Female Reproductive System
(k) Male Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Prostate
gland
Penis
Testis
Ductus
Scrotumdeferens
(k) Male Reproductive System
Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Uterine
tube
(l) Female Reproductive System
COMPONENTS OF A FEEDBACK SYSTEM
4 Output:
3 Input: Information
Control
sent along afferent
Center
pathway to control
Afferent
Efferent
center.
2
pathway
Receptor pathway
Receptor
detects
change.
1
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
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BALANCE
Information sent along
efferent pathway to
effector.
Effector
5
Response
of effector
feeds back
to reduce
the effect of
stimulus
and returns
variable to
homeostatic
level.
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Sweat glands
Sweat glands activated
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Body temperature falls;
stimulus ends
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises
BALANCE
Stimulus
Response
Body temperature rises;
stimulus ends
Body temperature falls
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Shivering
begins
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to effectors
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to
effectors
Efferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
1 Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.
Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.
3 Released
chemicals
attract more
platelets.
Positive
feedback
loop
2 Platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals.
Feedback cycle ends
when plug is formed.
4 Platelet plug
forms.
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Axillary
Mammary
Sternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic
(genital)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Digital
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
Pancreas
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
right lungs
Liver
Spleen
Heart
Stomach
Arm
Liver
Spinal cord
Subcutaneous fat layer
Body wall
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral
column
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Thoracic cavity
(contains heart
and lungs)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Cranial
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within the
mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Ventral body
cavity
Abdomino- (thoracic and
abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
X-RAY
Narrowing
of the artery
Artery
supplying
heart
A DSA image of the arteries that supply the heart.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound