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Atoms Organelle Smooth muscle cell Molecule 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Feces Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Urine Hair Skin Nails (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Spinal cord Nerves (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Testis Scrotum Ductus deferens Uterus Vagina Uterine tube (l) Female Reproductive System (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Prostate gland Penis Testis Ductus Scrotumdeferens (k) Male Reproductive System Mammary glands (in breasts) Ovary Uterus Vagina Uterine tube (l) Female Reproductive System COMPONENTS OF A FEEDBACK SYSTEM 4 Output: 3 Input: Information Control sent along afferent Center pathway to control Afferent Efferent center. 2 pathway Receptor pathway Receptor detects change. 1 Stimulus produces change in variable. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. BALANCE Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Effector 5 Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Sweat glands Sweat glands activated Response Evaporation of sweat Body temperature falls; stimulus ends Stimulus Body temperature rises BALANCE Stimulus Response Body temperature rises; stimulus ends Body temperature falls Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Skeletal muscles Shivering begins Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Efferent pathway Afferent pathway Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center 1 Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall. Positive feedback cycle is initiated. 3 Released chemicals attract more platelets. Positive feedback loop 2 Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals. Feedback cycle ends when plug is formed. 4 Platelet plug forms. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Axillary Mammary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Metatarsal Digital Hallux Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Metacarpal Digital Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Pancreas (c) Median section (midsagittal) Aorta Spleen Left and right lungs Liver Spleen Heart Stomach Arm Liver Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Intestines Rectum Vertebral column Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Ventral body cavity Abdomino- (thoracic and abdominopelvic pelvic cavities) cavity Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region X-RAY Narrowing of the artery Artery supplying heart A DSA image of the arteries that supply the heart. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound