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SECTION 1
Catholic Influence
SECTION 2
Attempts to Reform
SECTION 3
Learning
SECTION 4
The Crusades
Terms to Learn
• mass
• tithes
• cathedrals
• unions
• chancellor
• crusades
• emirs
People to Know
• Gregory VII
• Francis of Assisi
• Thomas Aquinas
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People to Know
• Urban II
• Saladin
• Richard the
Lionheart
Places to Locate
• Cluny
• Palestine
• Outremer
• Venice
• Acre
Catholic Influence
• The Roman Catholic Church had great
influence during the Middle Ages.
• It was the center of every village and
town, and played an important part in
the political life of the period.
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Daily Life
• Daily life revolved around the Church.
• On Sundays, people went to mass, or a
worship service, held by the parish priest.
• Church leaders ran schools and hospitals.
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Political Life
• The Church played an important role in the
political life of the Middle Ages.
• Together with kings and nobles, Church
officials helped govern western Europe.
• The Church told people to obey the king’s
laws unless they went against canon
laws, or laws set up by the Church.
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The Inquisition
• Despite its power, the Church faced the
problem of heresy.
• In 1129, a council of bishops set up the
Inquisition, or Church court, to end heresy
by force.
• People suspected of heresy had one
month to confess and if they did not
appear they were seized and brought to
trial.
• The trial’s purpose was to get a
confession.
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Attempts at Reform
• The Church became rich during the Middle
Ages as church members gave tithes, or
offerings equal to 10 percent of their
income, and rich nobles donated money to
build large churches and gave land
to monasteries.
• When a bishop died, his office and lands
were taken over by the local noble who often
chose a close relative as the new bishop or
sold the office.
• During the late 900s and early 1000s, some
western Europeans worked to return the
Church to Christian ideals.
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The Monks of Cluny
• To fight corruption in the Church, devout, or
deeply religious, nobles founded new
monasteries that strictly followed the
Benedictine Rule.
• Cluny was an important monastery in
eastern France where monks led simple
prayerful lives, recognized only the
authority of the Pope, and said that the
Church, not kings or nobles, should
choose all Church leaders.
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Pope Gregory VII
• Pope Gregory VII continued the reforms
begun by the monks of Cluny.
• Gregory had two goals as Pope: to rid the
Church of control by kings and nobles,
and to increase the Pope’s power over
Church officials.
• Gregory made many changes in the
Church to achieve his goals.
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Friars
• During the early 1200s, preachers called
friars, or monks who worked directly with
people and did not isolate themselves,
carried out Church reforms.
• Two well-known orders, or groups of
friars, were the Franciscans and
Dominicans.
• Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan
order in 1200. A Spanish monk named
Dominic started the Dominican order in
1216.
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Learning
• During the late Middle Ages, the rise of
governments brought more security, the
economy grew stronger, and there was
more time for learning.
• Learning was in the hands of the Church.
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Cathedral Schools
• The parish clergy set up schools in
cathedrals, or churches headed
by bishops.
• The cathedral schools taught grammar,
rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry,
astronomy, and music.
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Universities
• After a while, students complained that
teachers held few classes and did not cover
enough subjects, and teachers complained
that untrained people were teaching. So
they initiated changes by forming unions.
• These unions became universities, or
groups of teachers and students devoted
to learning.
• By the 1200s, universities, headed by
church officials called chancellors, had
spread all through Europe.
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Thomas Aquinas
• Thomas Aquinas was a noted scholar of
the Middle Ages who believed that both faith
and reason were gifts of God.
• Aquinas wrote a book called Summa
Theologica, or A Summary of Religious
Thought.
• Aquinas’s teachings were later accepted
and promoted by the Church.
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The Crusades
• For hundreds of years, western European
Christians visited shrines in Jerusalem.
• When, in 1071, a people called Seljuq Turks
conquered Jerusalem, taking control of the
Christian shrines, traveling in Palestine
became difficult for the Christians.
• The Christians were shocked and angered
by what was happening in the Holy Land.
• The result was a series of holy wars called
crusades, which lasted about 200 years.
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A Call to War
• Even after taking Palestine, Turkish
armies continued to threaten the
Byzantine Empire.
• In 1095, Pope Urban II spoke before a
large crowd in the town of Clermont in
eastern France calling for action against
the Turks.
• His call to action promised crusaders
would be free of debts and taxes and that
God would forgive the sins of those who
died in battle.
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The Peasants’ Crusade
• When Urban II called for a crusade, the
Europeans responded eagerly and adopted
the war cry “Deus vult,” which means, “It is
the will of God.”
• Urban II wanted the nobles to plan and
lead the crusade. The peasants, however,
grew impatient and formed their own
armies.
• In the spring of 1096, about 12,000
French peasants began the long journey
to Palestine, and two other groups set out
from Germany.
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The Peasants’ Crusade (cont.)
• The Byzantine emperor, who wanted to rid
his capital of the peasants, gave them
supplies and sent them to fight the Turks in
Asia Minor where they were almost
completely wiped out by Turkish bowmen.
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The Nobles’ Crusade
• In 1097, the nobles set out on an expensive
crusade.
• About 30,000 crusaders arrived in Asia
Minor, defeated the Turks, and moved south
through the desert to Syria.
• In 1099, the 12,000 surviving crusaders
captured the Holy City of Jerusalem, killed
Turks, Jews, and Christians alike,
and looted.
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The Kingdom Beyond the Sea
• Many crusaders, who had lost much of their
religious enthusiasm, returned home to
western Europe, and some set up four
feudal kingdoms called Outremer, or “the
kingdom beyond the sea,” in the areas
they won.
• The crusaders took over the estates of
rich Turkish and Arab Muslims and divided
them among themselves and their best
knights.
• When the crusaders were not fighting
Turks, they ran their estates, went
hunting, and attended the local court.
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Saladin and the Crusade of Kings
• In 1174, when Saladin, a Muslim military
leader, became the ruler of Egypt, he united
the Muslims throughout the Near East and
started a war against western Crusaders in
Palestine.
• Saladin’s armies were well organized,
devoted to Islam, and headed by honest
and just leaders called emirs.
• In 1187, Saladin’s armies took Jerusalem
and refused to massacre the city’s
Christians.
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Saladin and the Crusade of Kings (cont.)
• After Saladin’s victory, the Church urged
another crusade, and western armies
were led by three powerful rulers: King
Richard I of England, Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa of Germany, and King Philip II
Augustus of France.
• Called the Crusade of Kings, it was a
failure.
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The Loss of an Ideal
• In 1202, Pope Innocent III called for yet
another crusade, and knights went by ship
from the Italian port of Venice.
• Rich merchants wanted Venice to replace
Constantinople as the eastern
Mediterranean trading center.
• When the soldiers found they could not
pay all they owed, they agreed to conquer
the city of Zara for the Venetians and
capture Constantinople, which was
burned and looted.
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The Loss of an Ideal (cont.)
• The crusaders stayed in Constantinople and
divided the city with the Venetians.
• Several other crusades were fought
during the 1200s, but the Europeans did
not win any of them.
• The saddest was the Children’s Crusade
in which French children, led by a peasant
boy named Stephen of Cloyes, set sail
from France, never reached Palestine,
and were sold into slavery.
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The Loss of an Ideal (cont.)
• In 1291, the Muslims won the Crusades
by taking the city of Acre, the last
Christian stronghold, and gained back all
the land in Palestine that the crusaders
had taken earlier.
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Effects of the Crusades
• The Crusades affected both the Near East
and western Europe.
• The Crusades helped to break down
feudalism in western Europe as the desire
for wealth, power, and land clouded the
religious ideals of many western
Europeans.
• Contact with the cultured Byzantines and
Muslims led western Europeans to again
become interested in learning and to
demand such luxuries as spices, sugar,
lemons, rugs, tapestries, and richly
woven cloth.
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