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Transcript
Carthage Result was the three Punic Wars 264-146 BC Carthage had been founded as Phoenician colony 500 years earlier Dispute over control of Sicily and trade routes in the western Mediterranean brought Rome into conflict with the powerful North African city-state of Carthage FIRST PUNIC WAR • Primarily a naval war – Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy • Carthage: very good, experienced naval power • Rome: small navy, little experience – Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy ROME WINS THE FIRST ONE • Rome would not surrender – Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of naval warfare • Equipped ships with huge hooks and • Stationed soldiers on ships • Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers – Converted naval warfare into mini-land battles • Something Rome was very good at • Won First Punic War as a result SECOND PUNIC WAR “Hannibal is at the Gates!” • Carthagian general Hannibal surprises Romans – lead army from Spain, through southern France and the Alp – invades Italy from the north • Defeats Roman armies sent to stop him several times but hesitates to attack Rome itself – Too well fortified (Protected) • Settles instead on war of attrition (weakening over times) in hope of destroying Roman economic base ROME WINS • Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage – Hannibal forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage • Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls of Carthage Hannibal Hannibal-the-Conqueror "I swear that so soon as age will permit . . . I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome." ~~Childhood Hannibal Quote Born about 247 - Died 183BC THIRD PUNIC WAR • Carthage finished after Second Punic War – Hannibal committed suicide – Economy shattered – Lost all territory to Rome – But some Romans feared it might revive someday and challenge Rome again • Notably Cato the Elder – Pushed for another war that would wipe Carthage off the face of the map Cato the Elder ROME WINS A THIRD TIME • Due to Cato’s persistent efforts, Rome declares war against defenseless Carthage – Wins easily – Entire population of city sold into slavery – Everything of value carried back to Rome – Everything else burned and dumped into the sea – Site sown with salt so that nothing would ever grow there again – Carthage completely disappeared Took over Greece, Rome Rome Successor Macedonia, eventually always some of Asia Minor, responded became kingdom Syria, weary inAegean the of Rome drawn into the and eastern Mediterranean increasingly playing belief thisthat endless called islands affairs thein by achieving refereeing on 133 Roman BC aof role balance aid and successor kingdoms of their realized power incessant inthat the the east wars wascontinued against better than each independence having otheroneof the successor successor kingdoms kingdom threaten becomeRoman too powerful interests and challenge Rome Hannibal Barca (247-183 BC) *Carthaginian general *Brilliant strategist *Developed tactics of outflanking and surrounding the enemy with the combined forces of infantry and cavalry As a boy of 9, begged his father, Hamilcar Barca, to take him on the campaign in Spain Hamilcar, made him solemnly swear eternal hatred of Rome. Alps •Hannibal conceived of an invasion of Italy from the north •Wanted them crushed on own turf—counted on disaffected allies •Crossed the Iberus-bloody battles with Spanish tribes •Marched with about 40,000 men across the Pyrenees •In Gaul, quick progress to Rhone River •Transported army & war elephants across the river •15 days marched through rugged mountain passes •Enormous army •Diverse origin and language •38 war elephants •enemy attacks •landslides •early autumn snow •Heroic feat •Captured the imagination of historians and poets alike