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INFINITIVES WHAT IS AN INFINITIVE? • An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word “to” plus a verb and functioning as a noun. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, or subject complement in a sentence. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/03/ PRESENT (SAME TIME) INFINITIVES Present Active Infinitive: 2nd principal part of a verb; typically ends in -re Present Passive Infinitive: formed by adding –rī to the present stem; **3rd conjugation drops the entire –ere and adds just an –ī** Active Passive portāre to carry portārī to be carried monēre to warn monērī to be warned dīcere to say dīcī to be said capere to take capī to be taken audīre to hear audīrī to be heard PERFECT (BEFORE TIME) INFINITIVES Perfect Active Infinitive: formed by adding –isse to the perfect active stem Perfect Passive Infinitive: formed by adding esse next to the P.P.P. **N.B. – The ending on the P.P.P. will change to modify the subject** Active Passive portāvisse to have carried portātus esse monuisse to have warned monitus esse dīxisse to have said dictus esse cēpisse to have taken captus esse audīvisse to have heard audītus esse to have been carried to have been warned to have been said to have been taken to have been heard FUTURE (AFTER TIME) INFINITIVES Future Active Infinitive: formed by adding esse next to the future active participle; its literal translation is almost never used Future Passive Infinitive: This form exists, but is so rare that is often not taught. Active Passive portātūrus esse to be going to carry monitūrus esse to be going to warn dictūrus esse to be going to say captūrus esse to be going to take audītūrus esse to be going to hear INDIRECT STATEMENT • A common usage of Latin infinitives is in indirect statement • Indirect statements often involve verbs of saying, feeling, hoping, wishing, knowing, or perceiving. An indirect statement indirectly simply reports indirectly (i.e. not in direct quotation) what somebody has said, thought, felt, etc. In English, an indirect statement is usually put into a clause introduced by the word “that”. DIRECT VS INDIRECT STATEMENT • Direct: The teacher says, “Antonia is a good student.” • Indirect: The teacher says that Antonia is a good student. INDIRECT STATEMENT IN LATIN • In Latin, however, there is no introductory word for “that”, but instead it uses: • a verb of speech/mental action/feeling • + an infinitive • + accusative subject. • The teacher says that Antonia is a good student. Magister dicit Antoniam esse discipulam bonam. Main verb of speech, mental activity, or feeling. Infinitive Acc. subj. INFINITIVE TENSES • Infinitive tenses are not stationary the way verb tenses are. They are instead relational to the tense of the main verb and must be thought of in these terms: Present Infinitives = SAME TIME Perfect Infinitives = BEFORE TIME Future Infinitives = AFTER TIME • This means that the same infinitive will be translated differently as the tense of the main verb changes. EXEMPLI GRATIA Magister dicit Antoniam esse discipulam bonam. The teacher says that Antonia is a good student. EXEMPLI GRATIA Magister dixit Antoniam esse discipulam bonam. The teacher said that Antonia was a good student. EXEMPLI GRATIA Magister dicit Antoniam fuisse discipulam bonam. The teacher says that Antonia was a good student. EXEMPLI GRATIA Magister dixit Antoniam fuisse discipulam bonam. The teacher said that Antonia had been a good student.