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The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Teacher’s Guide AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 The Living Cell from Biology: The Science of Life Series Video Produced by… Ancient Lights Educational Media Teacher’s Guide Written by… Joseph Sitko, Ph.D. Published and Distributed by… AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 FAX 847-328-6706 www.agcunitedlearning.com [email protected] AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 This video is the exclusive property of the copyright holder. Copying, transmitting, or reproducing in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the copyright holder is prohibited (Title 17, U.S. Code Sections 501 and 506). ©MMI Ancient Lights Educational Media AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 Contents Introduction and Summary … … … … … … …1 Links to Curriculum Standards … … … … … …1 Teacher Preparation/Instructional Notes … … …2 Student Preparation … … … … … … … … …3 Student Objectives … … … … … … … … … …3 Introducing the Video … … … … … … … … …3 Follow-Up Discussion … … … … … … … … …4 Extended Learning Activities … … … … … …4 Description of Blackline Masters … … … … …5 Answer Key … … … … … … … … … … … …6 Script of Video Narration … … … … … … … …7 This video is closed captioned The purchase of this video program entitles the user to the right to reproduce or duplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher’s guideand the blackline master handouts that accompany it for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, The Living Cell. This right is restricted only for use with this videoprogram. Any reproduction or duplication in whole or in part of this guide and the blackline master handouts for any purpose other than for use with this video program is prohibited. AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 CLASSROOM/LIBRARY VIEWING CLEARANCE This program is for instructional use. The cost of each program includes public performance rights as long as no admission charge is made. Public performance rights are defined as viewing of a video in the course of face-to-face teaching activities in a classroom, library, or similar setting devoted to instruction. Closed Circuit Rights are included as a part of the public performance rights as long as closed-circuit transmission is restricted to a single campus. For multiple locations, call your AGC/United Learning representative. Television/Cable/Satellite Rights are available. Call your AGC/United Learning representative for details. Duplication Rights are available if requested in large quantities. Call your AGC/United Learning representative for details. Quantity Discounts are available for large purchases. Call your AGC/United Learning representative for information and pricing. Discounts, and some special services, are not applicable outside the United States. Your suggestions and recommendations are welcome. Feel free at any time to call AGC/United Learning at 1-800-323-9084. AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 THE LIVING CELL Program Three from Biology: The Science of Life Series Grades 5-9 Viewing Time: 14 minutes with a one-minute, five-question Video Quiz INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY This program examines the internal organization of cells and explains the function of the organelles and other structures found in cells. LINKS TO CURRICULUM STANDARDS The design of this program was guided by the curriculum standards of the states of Texas, California, and Illinois. The American Association for the Advancement of Science recommendations for improving biological science content were followed throughout this series, Biology: The Science of Life. In accordance with these guidelines, we have attempted to help students: 1. Understand what cells are and how their component parts are organized. 2. Understand the function of the organelles and other structures found in cells. 3. Recognize and investigate problems and propose solutions based on reason, experimentation, and evidence. 4. Express and interpret information and ideas. 5. Use computer networks and library research to access information. 6. Relate biological science to everyday life experience. TEACHER PREPARATION/INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES • Before presenting this lesson to your students, we suggest that you review the subject of cell structure and function. We also advise you to preview the video and review the guide and accompanying blackline masters in order to familiarize yourself with their content. As you review the materials presented in this guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, additions, or deletions to 1 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 meet the specific needs of your class. We encourage you to do so, for only by tailoring this program to your class will they obtain the maximum instructional benefits afforded by the materials. It is also suggested that the video presentation take place before the entire group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of the context of the video; therefore, the presentation should be a common experience for all students. You should also duplicate selected hand-out materials from the blackline masters included in this guide. An optional Pre-Test is provided on Blackline Master 1. This test will help you determine the level of student comprehension prior to participating in this lesson. An Answer Key begins on page 6 of this guide. • Set up a "Learning Center" with photographs, microscopic exhibits, models, etc., that depict cell structure and function. STUDENT PREPARATION Before viewing The Living Cell… • Have students explore the "Learning Center." • It would be wise for students to read selected pages in their science textbooks before viewing this lesson. • Introduce or review with your students the meanings of important words and terms from Blackline Masters 2-4, Vocabulary. In order to succeed at biology, students will need to fully understand the meaning of basic words. STUDENT OBJECTIVES After viewing the video and participating in the follow-up activities students should be able to… 2 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 • Name and explain the function of each cytoplasmic organelle •Explain how cells obtain and use energy. INTRODUCING THE VIDEO • Introduce the program by pointing out the following things: 1. Cells are the building blocks of life; where there is life, there are cells. 2. In terms of numbers, most living things possess only one cell. 3. In multi-celled organisms, cells have become specialized to carry out specific tasks 4. Most cells are so small they can only be viewed under a microscope. Exceptions are certain animal eggs, but the reason they are so large is due to the enormous amount of stored food material(yolk) they contain. • Distribute Blackline Master 5, Crossword Puzzle and Blackline Masters 8 and 9, Diagram of an Animal Cell and Diagram of a Plant Cell. • Present the video. The viewing time is 14 minutes followed by an optional one-minute, five-question video quiz. FOLLOW-UP DISCUSSION It is recommended that you involve students in a discussion immediately after viewing the video: 1. Review and discuss the interrelationships between the different cytoplasmic organelles. 2. Examine electron microscope images of plant and animal cells with your students to get a truer, less diagrammatic concept of cell structure. 3. Discuss the role of proteins in the cell. 4. Review the meaning of the terms chromatin, chromosomes, DNA, and genes. 3 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 EXTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITIES A. In order to express and communicate ideas and improve research skills, use the Internet and other resources to prepare papers or oral reports on the following subjects: 1. Structure and function of the cell membrane. 2. The role of microtubules in cells. 3. Structure and function of mitochondria. 4. Structure and function of chloroplasts. 5. Structure and function of ribosomes. 6. Structure and function of Golgi bodies. 7. Structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum. 8. Scientific tools used for studying cells. B. Microscope Work: 1. Examine prepared slides of blood and tissues from both plants and animals. Try to identify various cell components such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, etc. 2. Collect pond water from various locations, add some rice grains to one set of samples, and after a week, look at them under a microscope. Make observations regarding the number and behavior of the micro-organisms present with and without the rice. (Rice contains a high percentage of energy-rich carbohydrates). Determine whether any multicellular organisms are present in your samples. 3. If possible, examine living cells from multicellular organisms under the microscope. Good examples can be obtained by gently scraping the lining of the cheek with a spoon. The plant Elodea offers a good subject for observing living plant cells. Observe what happens if these cells are exposed to concentrated salt and sugar solutions. 4. Examine a slide of the salivary gland chromosomes of the fruitfly Drosophilia melanogaster. These chromosomes are actually polyploid, meaning that many DNA 4 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 strands exist in each chromosome, as a result, they are very thick. Look for the bands that may represent genes and the "puffing" that may indicate gene activity, i.e., DNA sending out messages. C. Cells in the News: Have each student find articles in newspapers and magazines that relate to cells. These could be articles on cloning, cancer studies, antibiotics, genetic mapping, or treatments for genetic diseases etc. Students could be assigned the task of writing short summaries of each article and or giving oral presentations. DESCRPTION OF BLACKLINE MASTERS • Blackline Master 1, is a Pre-Test, that when compared to the Post-Test results, will help you gauge student progress. • Blackline Masters 2, 3, and 4, Vocabulary List and Activity, will introduce students to unfamiliar words used in the program, or words pertaining to the subject of the program they may encounter in outside reading. • Blackline Master 5, Crossword Puzzle, challenges students to use some of the words from the vocabulary worksheet that accompanies this program. • Blackline Master 6, Post-Test, may be used for evaluating student progress. • Blackline Master 7 is a printed version of the Video Quiz that appears at the end of this program. The video quiz encourages attentiveness and tests information retention. Blackline Masters 8 and 9, Diagram of an Animal Cell and Diagram of a Plant Cell, respectively, may be used as reference sheets. 5 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 ANSWER KEY • Blackline Master 1, Pre-Test 1. True 2. False, proteins are made on ribosomes which are found in the cytoplasm not the nucleus. 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False, all cells need energy 7. True 8. False, unicellar means having one cell; multicellar means having more than one cell. 9. False, all cells respond to their surroundings. 10. False, animal cells never have chloroplasts, or cell walls. • Blackline Master 4, Vocabulary Activity 1. combustion 2. specialized 3. tissues 4. Cell division 5. cell walls Blackline Master 5, Crossword Puzzle 6 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 • Blackline Master 6, Post-Test 1. Organelle where proteins are made. 2. Organelle where sugars are broken down and ATP is produced. (the organelle where cellular respiration takes place). 3. Network of passageways through which proteins move. 4. Organelle where proteins from the ER are sorted out, packaged, and shipped off. 5. Packets of digestive enzymes that fuse with food vacuoles. 6. The skin that encloses protoplasm and that controls what enters and leaves a cell. 7. Organelles where photosynthesis occurs. 8. Substance in the nucleus that gives rise to chromosomes. Chromatin contains DNA. 9. A sac formed when the cell membrane engulfs a particle of food. 10. A thick layer surrounding the cell membrane in plant, fungi, and moneran cells. B. Cell wall, Chloroplasts C. Eukaryotes: Organisms such as those from the kingdoms Animalia, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae whose cells possess a nucleus. Prokaryotes: Organisms like those from kingdom Monera whose cells lack a nucleus. • Blackline Master 7 Video Quiz 1. False, Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False, animal cells don't have chloroplasts. Script of Video Narration THE LIVING CELL All living things, from simple pond dwelling creatures, like these, to complex animals and plants are made from the same building blocks called cells. Cells are defined as the simplest structures that can carry out all of the activities 7 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 characteristic of life. That is, can reproduce, grow and develop, respond to their surroundings, and so on. Cells are like miniature factories which use raw materials and energy to create their amazing product which is none other than life itself. Large organisms are multicellular and are made from many different cells. The cells of multicellular organisms have become specialized to perform all sorts of tasks such as those carried out by muscles and blood. In contrast, many of the smallest organisms, such as the protist paramecia seen here, are unicellular and possess just one cell. No one knows exactly how the first cell came into existence, nevertheless, many scientists believe that all of the organisms alive today descended from the same unicellular creature that somehow developed from nonliving materials over three and one half billion years ago. PROTOPLASM, THE CELL MEMBRANE, AND THE CELL WALL All cells, including this single-celled amoeba from the Kingdom Protista, are made up of a living jelly-like substance known as protoplasm. Within protoplasm is a nearly invisible network of tiny tubes called microtubules, which forms a cytoskeleton that supports the cell and gives it strength. Protoplasm is always found wrapped in a flexible "skin" called the cell or plasma membrane. The cell membrane is very important; it not only acts as a container for protoplasm, it also plays a crucial role in the life of the cell by regulating its delicate internal balance. The cell membrane does this by controlling everything that enters and that leaves the cell. For example, such things as oxygen, water, food and nutrients are taken into cells while wastes, special cell products and carbon dioxode leave cells. The cells of plants, fungi, and monerans are also enclosed by a thick outer layer called the cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane. The cell wall provides extra support and protection for these types of cells. 8 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 THE NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASMAS We have seen the cells of all living things are composed of protoplasm. In the cells of animals, plants, fungi and protists, the protoplasm has two distinct parts—a dense, rounded nucleus, which is the control center of the cell and the cytoplasm, which is all the protoplasm located outside the nucleus. Organisms whose cells possess a nucleus are called eukaryotes, a word which means having a "true nucleus." In contrast, the primitive cells of organisms belonging to the kingdom Monera, such as the bacteria seen here, have no nucleus and are refered to as prokaryotes, a word meaning "before a nucleus." These simple cells resemble the three and one half billion year old fossils of the earth's most ancient creatures, while cells with a nucleus appeared much later in the evolution of living things. THE NUCLEUS The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane that is filled with hundreds of tiny openings called nuclear pores. The nucleus is made up of a substance called chromatin plus a denser area called the nucleolus or "little nucleus." Normally chromatin doesn't look like much, in fact, it really only begins to look like something when the cell gets ready to reproduce and divide into two new cells. Then structures called chromosomes take shape from the chromatin. Chromosomes contain long folded strands of DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the most important chemical in the entire cell because it stores instructions which control nearly every cell activity. THE CYTOPLASM A. RIBOSOMES FOR MAKING PROTEINS DNA instructions are chemically copied in the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm by passing through the nuclear pores. In the cytoplasm, instructions travel to tiny rounded structures called ribosomes seen here using a powerful electron microscope. Ribosomes are a cell's most numerous small organs or organelles and as they move 9 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 along the messages from the DNA, the messages are "translated” into proteins for the cell to use. Proteins are complex molecules made up of long chains of certain chemical compounds called amino acids. Some proteins are used to build and repair cells, some help fight disease, some transport substances across the cell membrane; but many proteins in a cell are enzymes. Enzymes are special proteins that control chemical reactions which take place both inside and outside a cell. In fact, there is a different enzyme for almost every type of chemical reaction that occurs in a living cell. THE CYTOPLASM B. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND GOLGI BODIES FOR TRANSPORTING AND PACKING PROTEINS Ribosomes are usually found attached to a complicated network of hollow passageways called the endoplasmic reticulum, or E.R. Newly made proteins travel through the E.R. passageways from one part of the cytoplasm to another. When proteins reach an organelle called a Golgi body, which is a structure composed of a collection of flattened, slightly curved sacs, they are sorted out, wrapped in a membrane and shipped off to wherever they are needed. THE CYTOPLASM C: FOOD VACUOLES AND LYSOSOMES FOR CELL EATING In order for a cell to survive, it must have the raw materials used for making proteins as well as the other important biochemicals it needs for growth, for repair, and to reproduce itself: Usually these raw materials come from food. In animals, when food particles reach a cell, they are surrounded by the cell membrane which then pinches off to form tiny sacs called food vacuoles. This process is known as phagocytosis, or "cell eating." Inside the cell, the Golgi bodies make special structures 10 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 called lysosomes by wrapping packets of digestive enzymes in a thin layer of membrane. Lysosomes fuse with the food vacuoles and by releasing their enzymes, the food inside the vacuole is broken down into nutrients, which are then released into the cytoplasm for the cell to use. Besides digesting food, lysosomes serve another important role by destroying worn out parts that are no longer of use to the cell. THE CYTOPLASM D. MITOCHONDIA FOR RELEASING ENERGY Every second of every day, thousands upon thousands of chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm as the cell performs the activities needed to keep life going. All the major life activities such as growth, movement and reproduction need energy to take place. Within the cells of all higher organisms, energy is released in tiny peanutshaped organelles called mitochondria. Because mitochondria are like little energy factories, they are often called the powerhouses of the cell. Inside the folds of a mitochondrion, cellular respiration occurs when oxygen and enzymes break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water while producing readily available energy in the form of the very important chemical compound called Adenosine Triphosphate or A.T.P. It is because the mitochondria need oxygen to make A.T.P that animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide and water vapor. Here, in a living white blood cell, the mitochondria can be seen moving about in the amazing "biological dance" that takes place during cellular respiration. THE CYTOPLASM OF PLANT CELLS: CHLOROPLASTS AND VACUOLES Plants and animals are quite different from one another in many ways, yet, for the most part, the organelles and other structures found in their cytoplasm are pretty much the same, however, there are some things that are different. One of the most striking differences is that most plant cells possess a large internal sac, or vacuole, which is used to store water containing dissolved minerals and nutrients. When the vacuoles are full of liquid, a typical 11 AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 plant will stand upright with its leaves outstretched. But when water is in short supply and the vacuoles are no longer full enough to give the plant support, it will wilt and lose its shape. However, the most important characteristic of plant cells, as well as the cells of protist algae, is that their cytoplasm contains organelles called chloroplasts that are not found in animal cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll—the molecule responsible for giving plants their typical greenish color. Chloroplasts, such as the living examples seen in this cell, are where photosynthesis takes place. Inside the chloroplasts, photosynthesis occurs when the energy of sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll molecules. As a result, oxygen is released and carbon dioxide and water are chemically combined to form sugar molecules which store the sun's energy in their chemical bonds. This stored energy can be used not only by plants but also by creatures that eat plants and even the organisms that eat the plant-eating creatures. CONCLUSION As we have seen, cells are like miniature factories which turn out a steady supply of life-supporting products in their organelles and other structures. Most cell activities are controlled by the coded instructions stored in the DNA of the nucleus. These instructions guide how the cell grows, repairs, and reproduces itself, how it uses energy and raw materials, as well as how it carries out the countless other tasks that must be done to keep an organism alive. Video Quiz Directions: Answer the following questions either True or False. 1. TRUE OR FALSE? Ribosomes are known as "the powerhouses of the cell." 2. TRUE OR FALSE? Not all cells have a nucleus. 3. TRUE OR FALSE? Proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum. 4. TRUE OR FALSE? Enzymes are proteins. 5. TRUE OR FALSE? Animal cells have more chloroplasts than plant cells. 12 1 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Pre-Test Directions: Answer each question TRUE OR FALSE. 1. The instructions for making proteins are stored in molecules of DNA. __________ 2. Proteins are made in the nucleus. __________ 3. All cells are surrounded by a cell or plasma membrane which regulates everything that enters and leaves a cell. __________ 4. The cells of bacteria and other monerans are much simpler than the cells of plants and animals. __________ 5. Life cannot exist without cells. __________ 6. Very few cells need to take in energy to live. __________ 7. Most cells are so small they can only be seen with a microscope. __________ 8. Unicellular means having more than one cell. __________ 9. Cells have all the characteristics of living things except one: They cannot respond to their surroundings. __________ 10. The cells of plants and animals are exactly the same. __________ ©2001 Ancient Lights Education Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 2 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Vocabulary List algae- Primitive plantlike organisms of the kingdom Protista. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- The major source of readily available energy in cells. ATP is produced in the mitochondria when sugar and oxygen are chemically combined. The energy released is transfered to a chemical known as ADP to make ATP. amoeba- A protist unicellular organism that has no definite outer shape. ATP- Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, the chemical compound used by cells as a source of readily available energy. bacteria- Simple, one-celled, organisms that lack a nucleus belonging to the kingdom Monera. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on earth. Some cause disease while others are helpful. In food chains bacteria play important roles as decomposers. blue-green algae- Primitive plantlike creatures of the kingdom Monera. carbon dioxide- A colorless, odorless gas abbre2 viated by the chemical formula CO2 . ( This formula shows that one molecule of CO has two atoms of oxygen and one of carbon). Animals exhale carbon dioxide because it is a by-product of cellular respiration. Plants can use the sun's energy to combine carbon dioxide with water to make sugar. cell division- The process that results in two cells being formed from one cell. cell membrane- The outer layer of the cell that helps control what comes into and what goes out of the cell. Also called the plasma membrane. cell wall- The tough layer outside the cell membrane in plants fungi, and bacteria. Wood is little more than the cell walls of the cells of trees. centrioles- Cytoplasmic structures in animal cells that play a role in cell division by aiding spindle formation. characteristic- A distinctive feature; a trait. chemical- Chemicals are substances made from combinations of different elements. chemical bonds- The way in which atoms connect to one another: For example, in water, an atom of oxygen is joined to two atoms of hydrogen by chemical bonds. The subatomic particles called electrons are responsible for creating chemical bonds. chemical energy- Energy stored in chemical bonds. chemical equation- A diagram that uses chemical formulas, numbers, and other symbols to describe what happens in a chemical reaction. chemical reactions- Events in which chemical bonds are broken, rearranged and reformed. Matter is changed by chemical reactions: This is what happens when chemical compounds react with one another and new compounds are formed. chloroplasts- Organelles in plant and protist algae cells that contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which captures the sun’s energy during photosynthesis. chlorophyll- The chemical found in chloroplasts that transfers light energy to chemical energy. Plants get their green color from chlorophyll. chromatin- Chromatin is made up of the tangled, threadlike, coils of chromosomes. Chromatin contains DNA plus certain proteins. chromosomesChromosomes are wormshaped structures that develop from chromatin before cells divide. Chromosomes contain DNA and protein. Human body cells have two full sets of 23 different chromosomes. combustion- The process of burning is called combustion. If combustion is 100% effective, only carbon dioxide and water are produced and energy is released. These are the same products that are produced by cellular respiration, which is a biological process that strongly resembles combustion. complementary- Two parts of a puzzle fit together to make a whole; they are complementary parts. In the same way, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary to one another because the products of one reaction are the reactants of the other reaction. cytoplasm- All the protoplasm located outside the nucleus. cytoskeleton- The cell's "skeleton" of microtubules which gives it shape and strength. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- A long molecule shaped like a twisted ladder. The plans for running and reproducing cells are chemically stored in the DNA. DNA is found mostly in the nucleus but small amounts have also been found in the mitochondia and chloroplasts. (continued on Blackline Master 3) ©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 3 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Vocabulary List (continued) electron microscope- Microscopes used by biologists who study cells. Although they only work on nonliving examples, they provide very high magnification images. energy- The world is made up of matter and energy. Matter has mass (weight), but energy does not. Matter occupies space: energy does not. Energy is the ability to do work—the ability to move matter. Living things need a source of energy to power their life activities. endocytosis (end-oh-sigh-toe-sis)- The same as phagocytosis. endoplasmic reticulum- A complex network of tubular passageways leading out of the nuclear membrane used in transporting proteins. enzymes- Proteins that control the rates of chemical reactions in cells. Digestive enzymes, such as pepsin and trypsin, are produced by specialized cells to break down food in the digestive tract. eukaryotic cells (you-carry-ought-ick)- Cells that possess nuclei. Protists, fungi, plants, and animals are called eukaryotes because their cells have nuclei. exocytosis (ec-oh-sigh-toe-sis)- The reverse of endocytosis. The process where wastes are enclosed in tiny sacs and expelled from a cell. food vacuole- A small sac created when the cell membrane surrounds a food particle. genetic code- The chemical language of the cell. DNA stores its instructions in the genetic code. GOLGI body (GOLGI complex)- An organelle made up of stacks of curved slightly flattened membranes that help process, package and deliver proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. lysosomes (lie-so-soams)- Organelles rarely found in plants that contain digestive enzymes which break down food and digest worn out cell parts. moneran- An organism belonging to the kingdom Monera, such as a bacterium or blue-green alga. Moneran cells have no nuclei, mitochondria or chloroplasts. All Monerans are prokaryotes. micro-organisms- Organisms that are so small they can only be seen under a microscope. multicellular organisms- An organism made up of many cells. microtubules- Microscopic tubes that make up the "skeleton" of the cell and that also help move certain organelles in the cell. mitochondria (Singular: Mitochondrion (Mytoe-con-dree-un)- The organelles where chemically stored energy is released. Known as the "powerhouses of the cell." nuclear- Refers to the nucleus. nucleus (Plural: nuclei)- A rounded structure located in the cytoplasm that acts as the control center for the entire cell. nucleolus (new-klee-oh-lus)- "Little Nucleus" The area of the nucleus where ribosomes are made. Cells can have more than one nucleolus. nutrients- Food broken down into simple chemicals the body can use. offspring-Descendents, children. organelles- "Little Organs." Certain structures in the cytoplasm where specific tasks are carried out. organism- An entire living thing that carries out all the basic functions of life. plasma membrane- Another name for the cell membrane. prokaryotic cells (pro-carry-ought-ick)- Cells of very primitive organisms, such as bacteria and bluegreen algae that lack nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. proteins- Molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Proteins build living material, help carry out chemical reactions, fight disease, and help transport things out of the cell. protist- An organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista, unicellular creatures that have a nucleus. protoplasm- The living jelly-like substance of cells. protozoa- Animal-like organisms of the Kingdom Protista. red blood cells- These cells cause our blood to be red. Their role is to carry oxygen from the lungs to other cells in the body. Although red blood cells have nuclei when they are developing, the mature cells have no nuclei. phagocytosis (fah-go-sigh-toe-sis)- "cell eating" occurs when the cell membrane surrounds food material producing a food vacuole; also called endocytosis. respond- To make a response; to react to something. Living things respond to stimuli in the world around them. (continued on Blackline Master 4) ©2001 Ancient Lights Education Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 4 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Vocabulary List and Activity(continued) respiratory system- The organ system that brings oxygen into the body and removes waste carbon dioxide and water vapor. ribosomes- The organelles where proteins are made from amino acids. specialized cells- Cells in the bodies of multicellular organisms that carry out special tasks. For example, muscle cells are specialized cells that help move parts of the body. tissue- Usually tissues are layers of similar cells that perform a certain function. trillion- A million millions. Adult human beings havearound 100 trillion cells. unicellular organism- An organism made up of only one cell. vacuole (vac-you-ohl)- A cell sac. In plant cells, the vacuole is a large sac that contains liquid. white blood cells- Special blood cells that act as a defense system against disease. Vocabulary Activity From the vocabulary list, find the correct word and use it to fill in the blank. 1. ___________ is a process that is similar to cellular respiration. 2. Multicellular organisms possess cells that are _______________ to perform certain tasks. (Muscle cells and blood cells are examples of these types of cells). 3. A layer of similar cells that performs a certain activity is called a _______________. 4. The process by which two cells are created from one cell is called ________________. 5. Wood is little more than the ______ _____ of the cells of trees. ©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 5 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Crossword Puzzle ACROSS 1. Protoplasm is enclosed in a skin-like cell ________________. 4 1 2. Plant cells have a thick outer layer called a cell _____________. 2 3. Instructions from DNA are translated into proteins by organelles called ______________. 3 3 4. Plant cells usually have a large __________, which is filled with liquid. 5. Photosynthesis takes place in organelles called ____________. 5 DOWN 1. Proteins are sorted out and "packaged" by an organelle called the ___________body. 2 5 2. Food vacuoles fuse with________________ , which release enzymes to break down the food into simple nutrients. 3. Energy from sugars is released inside organelles called _________________. 4. Protoplasm of the cells of eukaryotes is divided into a rounded __________ and the cytoplasm that surrounds it. 5. Energy from sugars ends up inside molecules of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE, or _____ , which provides readily available energy whenever it is needed by a cell. ©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 6 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Post-Test Part A. Describe the function of each of the following cell parts: 1. Ribosome2. Mitochondrion3. Endoplasmic reticulum4. Golgi body5. Lysosome6. Cell membrane7. Chloroplast8. Chromatin9. Food vacuole10. Cell wall- Part B. From the list above, which parts would not be found in animal cells. Part C. What is a eukaryote? What is a prokaryote? ©2001 Ancient Lights Education Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 7 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Video Quiz Directions: Answer the following questions either True or False. 1. TRUE OR FALSE? Ribosomes are known as "the powerhouses of the cell." _______ 2. TRUE OR FALSE? Not all cells have a nucleus. _______ 3. TRUE OR FALSE? Proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum. _______ 4. TRUE OR FALSE? Enzymes are proteins. _______ 5. TRUE OR FALSE? Animal cells have more chloroplasts than plant cells. _______ ©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 8 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Diagram of an Animal Cell ©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution 9 Name_________________________ The Living Cell from the Biology: The Science of Life Series Diagram of a Plant Cell ©2001 Ancient Lights Education Media Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution