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The Living Cell
from the
Biology: The Science of Life Series
Teacher’s Guide
AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084
The Living Cell
from
Biology: The Science of Life Series
Video Produced by…
Ancient Lights Educational Media
Teacher’s Guide Written by…
Joseph Sitko, Ph.D.
Published and Distributed by…
AGC/United Learning
1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100
Evanston, IL 60201
800-323-9084
FAX 847-328-6706
www.agcunitedlearning.com
[email protected]
AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084
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Contents
Introduction and Summary
… … … … … … …1
Links to Curriculum Standards … … … … … …1
Teacher Preparation/Instructional Notes … … …2
Student Preparation
… … … … … … … … …3
Student Objectives … … … … … … … … … …3
Introducing the Video … … … … … … … … …3
Follow-Up Discussion … … … … … … … … …4
Extended Learning Activities
… … … … … …4
Description of Blackline Masters
… … … … …5
Answer Key … … … … … … … … … … … …6
Script of Video Narration … … … … … … … …7
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AGC/United Learning 1560 Sherman Ave., Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084
THE LIVING CELL
Program Three from Biology: The Science of Life Series
Grades 5-9
Viewing Time: 14 minutes with a one-minute,
five-question Video Quiz
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This program examines the internal organization of cells
and explains the function of the organelles and other
structures found in cells.
LINKS TO CURRICULUM STANDARDS
The design of this program was guided by the curriculum
standards of the states of Texas, California, and Illinois.
The American Association for the Advancement of
Science recommendations for improving biological science content were followed throughout this series,
Biology: The Science of Life. In accordance with these
guidelines, we have attempted to help students:
1. Understand what cells are and how their component
parts are organized.
2. Understand the function of the organelles and other
structures found in cells.
3. Recognize and investigate problems and propose solutions based on reason, experimentation, and evidence.
4. Express and interpret information and ideas.
5. Use computer networks and library research to access
information.
6. Relate biological science to everyday life experience.
TEACHER PREPARATION/INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES
• Before presenting this lesson to your students, we suggest that you review the subject of cell structure and function. We also advise you to preview the video and review
the guide and accompanying blackline masters in order to
familiarize yourself with their content. As you review the
materials presented in this guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, additions, or deletions to
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meet the specific needs of your class. We encourage you
to do so, for only by tailoring this program to your class
will they obtain the maximum instructional benefits afforded by the materials.
It is also suggested that the video presentation take place
before the entire group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of the context of the video; therefore, the presentation should be a common experience for
all students.
You should also duplicate selected hand-out materials
from the blackline masters included in this guide. An
optional Pre-Test is provided on Blackline Master 1. This
test will help you determine the level of student comprehension prior to participating in this lesson. An Answer
Key begins on page 6 of this guide.
• Set up a "Learning Center" with photographs, microscopic exhibits, models, etc., that depict cell structure and
function.
STUDENT PREPARATION
Before viewing The Living Cell…
• Have students explore the "Learning Center."
• It would be wise for students to read selected pages in
their science textbooks before viewing this lesson.
• Introduce or review with your students the meanings of
important words and terms from Blackline Masters 2-4,
Vocabulary. In order to succeed at biology, students will
need to fully understand the meaning of basic words.
STUDENT OBJECTIVES
After viewing the video and participating in the follow-up
activities students should be able to…
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• Name and explain the function of each cytoplasmic
organelle
•Explain how cells obtain and use energy.
INTRODUCING THE VIDEO
• Introduce the program by pointing out the following
things:
1. Cells are the building blocks of life; where there is
life, there are cells.
2. In terms of numbers, most living things possess only
one cell.
3. In multi-celled organisms, cells have become specialized to carry out specific tasks
4. Most cells are so small they can only be viewed under
a microscope. Exceptions are certain animal eggs, but
the reason they are so large is due to the enormous
amount of stored food material(yolk) they contain.
• Distribute Blackline Master 5, Crossword Puzzle and
Blackline Masters 8 and 9, Diagram of an Animal Cell
and Diagram of a Plant Cell.
• Present the video. The viewing time is 14 minutes followed by an optional one-minute, five-question video
quiz.
FOLLOW-UP DISCUSSION
It is recommended that you involve students in a discussion immediately after viewing the video:
1. Review and discuss the interrelationships between the
different cytoplasmic organelles.
2. Examine electron microscope images of
plant and animal cells with your students to get a truer,
less diagrammatic concept of cell structure.
3. Discuss the role of proteins in the cell.
4. Review the meaning of the terms chromatin, chromosomes, DNA, and genes.
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EXTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITIES
A. In order to express and communicate ideas and
improve research skills, use the Internet and other
resources to prepare papers or oral reports on the following subjects:
1. Structure and function of the cell membrane.
2. The role of microtubules in cells.
3. Structure and function of mitochondria.
4. Structure and function of chloroplasts.
5. Structure and function of ribosomes.
6. Structure and function of Golgi bodies.
7. Structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum.
8. Scientific tools used for studying cells.
B. Microscope Work:
1. Examine prepared slides of blood and tissues from
both plants and animals. Try to identify various cell components such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane,
etc.
2. Collect pond water from various locations, add some
rice grains to one set of samples, and after a week, look
at them under a microscope. Make observations regarding the number and behavior of the micro-organisms
present with and without the rice. (Rice contains a high
percentage of energy-rich carbohydrates). Determine
whether any multicellular organisms are present in your
samples.
3. If possible, examine living cells from multicellular
organisms under the microscope. Good examples can be
obtained by gently scraping the lining of the cheek with a
spoon. The plant Elodea offers a good subject for observing living plant cells. Observe what happens if these cells
are exposed to concentrated salt and sugar solutions.
4. Examine a slide of the salivary gland chromosomes of
the fruitfly Drosophilia melanogaster. These chromosomes are actually polyploid, meaning that many DNA
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strands exist in each chromosome, as a result, they are
very thick. Look for the bands that may represent genes
and the "puffing" that may indicate gene activity, i.e., DNA
sending out messages.
C. Cells in the News: Have each student find articles in
newspapers and magazines that relate to cells. These
could be articles on cloning, cancer studies, antibiotics,
genetic mapping, or treatments for genetic diseases etc.
Students could be assigned the task of writing short summaries of each article and or giving oral presentations.
DESCRPTION OF BLACKLINE MASTERS
• Blackline Master 1, is a Pre-Test, that when compared
to the Post-Test results, will help you gauge student
progress.
• Blackline Masters 2, 3, and 4, Vocabulary List and
Activity, will introduce students to unfamiliar words used
in the program, or words pertaining to the subject of the
program they may encounter in outside reading.
• Blackline Master 5, Crossword Puzzle, challenges
students to use some of the words from the vocabulary
worksheet that accompanies this program.
• Blackline Master 6, Post-Test, may be used for evaluating student progress.
• Blackline Master 7 is a printed version of the Video
Quiz that appears at the end of this program. The video
quiz encourages attentiveness and tests information
retention.
Blackline Masters 8 and 9, Diagram of an Animal Cell
and Diagram of a Plant Cell, respectively, may be used
as reference sheets.
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ANSWER KEY
• Blackline Master 1, Pre-Test
1. True
2. False, proteins are made on ribosomes which are
found in the cytoplasm not the nucleus.
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False, all cells need energy
7. True
8. False, unicellar means having one cell; multicellar
means having more than one cell.
9. False, all cells respond to their surroundings.
10. False, animal cells never have chloroplasts, or cell
walls.
• Blackline Master 4, Vocabulary Activity
1. combustion
2. specialized
3. tissues
4. Cell division
5. cell walls
Blackline Master 5,
Crossword Puzzle
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• Blackline Master 6, Post-Test
1. Organelle where proteins are made.
2. Organelle where sugars are broken down and ATP is
produced. (the organelle where cellular respiration takes
place).
3. Network of passageways through which proteins move.
4. Organelle where proteins from the ER are sorted out,
packaged, and shipped off.
5. Packets of digestive enzymes that fuse with food vacuoles.
6. The skin that encloses protoplasm and that controls
what enters and leaves a cell.
7. Organelles where photosynthesis occurs.
8. Substance in the nucleus that gives rise to chromosomes. Chromatin contains DNA.
9. A sac formed when the cell membrane engulfs a particle of food.
10. A thick layer surrounding the cell membrane in plant,
fungi, and moneran cells.
B. Cell wall, Chloroplasts
C. Eukaryotes: Organisms such as those from the kingdoms Animalia, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae whose cells
possess a nucleus.
Prokaryotes: Organisms like those from kingdom Monera
whose cells lack a nucleus.
• Blackline Master 7 Video Quiz
1. False, Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False, animal cells don't have chloroplasts.
Script of Video Narration
THE LIVING CELL
All living things, from simple pond dwelling creatures, like
these, to complex animals and plants are made from the
same building blocks called cells. Cells are defined as the
simplest structures that can carry out all of the activities
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characteristic of life. That is, can reproduce, grow and
develop, respond to their surroundings, and so on.
Cells are like miniature factories which use raw materials
and energy to create their amazing product which is none
other than life itself. Large organisms are multicellular and
are made from many different cells. The cells of multicellular organisms have become specialized to perform all
sorts of tasks such as those carried out by muscles and
blood. In contrast, many of the smallest organisms, such
as the protist paramecia seen here, are unicellular and
possess just one cell.
No one knows exactly how the first cell came into existence, nevertheless, many scientists believe that all of the
organisms alive today descended from the same unicellular creature that somehow developed from nonliving
materials over three and one half billion years ago.
PROTOPLASM, THE CELL MEMBRANE,
AND THE CELL WALL
All cells, including this single-celled amoeba from the
Kingdom Protista, are made up of a living jelly-like substance known as protoplasm. Within protoplasm is a
nearly invisible network of tiny tubes called microtubules,
which forms a cytoskeleton that supports the cell and
gives it strength. Protoplasm is always found wrapped in
a flexible "skin" called the cell or plasma membrane. The
cell membrane is very important; it not only acts as a container for protoplasm, it also plays a crucial role in the life
of the cell by regulating its delicate internal balance. The
cell membrane does this by controlling everything that
enters and that leaves the cell. For example, such things
as oxygen, water, food and nutrients are taken into cells
while wastes, special cell products and carbon dioxode
leave cells.
The cells of plants, fungi, and monerans are also
enclosed by a thick outer layer called the cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane. The cell wall provides extra
support and protection for these types of cells.
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THE NUCLEUS AND CYTOPLASMAS
We have seen the cells of all living things are composed
of protoplasm. In the cells of animals, plants, fungi and
protists, the protoplasm has two distinct parts—a dense,
rounded nucleus, which is the control center of the cell
and the cytoplasm, which is all the protoplasm located
outside the nucleus. Organisms whose cells possess a
nucleus are called eukaryotes, a word which means having a "true nucleus." In contrast, the primitive cells of
organisms belonging to the kingdom Monera, such as the
bacteria seen here, have no nucleus and are refered to as
prokaryotes, a word meaning "before a nucleus." These
simple cells resemble the three and one half billion year
old fossils of the earth's most ancient creatures, while
cells with a nucleus appeared much later in the evolution
of living things.
THE NUCLEUS
The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered nuclear
membrane that is filled with hundreds of tiny openings
called nuclear pores. The nucleus is made up of a substance called chromatin plus a denser area called the
nucleolus or "little nucleus." Normally chromatin doesn't
look like much, in fact, it really only begins to look like
something when the cell gets ready to reproduce and
divide into two new cells. Then structures called chromosomes take shape from the chromatin. Chromosomes
contain long folded strands of DNA or deoxyribonucleic
acid. DNA is the most important chemical in the entire cell
because it stores instructions which control nearly
every cell activity.
THE CYTOPLASM
A. RIBOSOMES FOR MAKING PROTEINS
DNA instructions are chemically copied in the nucleus
and enter the cytoplasm by passing through the nuclear
pores. In the cytoplasm, instructions travel to tiny rounded structures called ribosomes seen here using a powerful electron microscope. Ribosomes are a cell's most
numerous small organs or organelles and as they move
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along the messages from the DNA, the messages are
"translated” into proteins for the cell to use. Proteins are
complex molecules made up of long chains of certain
chemical compounds called amino acids. Some proteins
are used to build and repair cells, some help fight disease, some transport substances across the cell membrane;
but many proteins in a cell are enzymes.
Enzymes are special proteins that control chemical reactions which take place both inside and outside a cell. In
fact, there is a different enzyme for almost every type of
chemical reaction that occurs in a living cell.
THE CYTOPLASM
B. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND
GOLGI BODIES FOR TRANSPORTING
AND PACKING PROTEINS
Ribosomes are usually found attached to a complicated
network of hollow passageways called the endoplasmic
reticulum, or E.R. Newly made proteins travel through the
E.R. passageways from one part of the cytoplasm to
another. When proteins reach an organelle called a Golgi
body, which is a structure composed of a collection of flattened, slightly curved sacs, they are sorted out, wrapped
in a membrane and shipped off to wherever they are
needed.
THE CYTOPLASM
C: FOOD VACUOLES AND LYSOSOMES
FOR CELL EATING
In order for a cell to survive, it must have the raw materials used for making proteins as well as the other important biochemicals it needs for growth, for repair, and to
reproduce itself: Usually these raw materials come from
food. In animals, when food particles reach a cell, they
are surrounded by the cell membrane which then pinches
off to form tiny sacs called food vacuoles. This process is
known as phagocytosis, or "cell eating."
Inside the cell, the Golgi bodies make special structures
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called lysosomes by wrapping packets of digestive
enzymes in a thin layer of membrane. Lysosomes fuse
with the food vacuoles and by releasing their enzymes,
the food inside the vacuole is broken down into nutrients,
which are then released into the cytoplasm for the cell to
use. Besides digesting food, lysosomes serve another
important role by destroying worn out parts that are no
longer of use to the cell.
THE CYTOPLASM
D. MITOCHONDIA FOR RELEASING ENERGY
Every second of every day, thousands upon thousands of
chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm as the cell
performs the activities needed to keep life going. All the
major life activities such as growth, movement and reproduction need energy to take place. Within the cells of all
higher organisms, energy is released in tiny peanutshaped organelles called mitochondria. Because mitochondria are like little energy factories, they are often
called the powerhouses of the cell. Inside the folds of a
mitochondrion, cellular respiration occurs when oxygen
and enzymes break down sugars into carbon dioxide and
water while producing readily available energy in the form
of the very important chemical compound called
Adenosine Triphosphate or A.T.P. It is because the mitochondria need oxygen to make A.T.P that animals breathe
in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide and water
vapor. Here, in a living white blood cell, the mitochondria
can be seen moving about in the amazing "biological
dance" that takes place during cellular respiration.
THE CYTOPLASM OF PLANT CELLS:
CHLOROPLASTS AND VACUOLES
Plants and animals are quite different from one another in
many ways, yet, for the most part, the organelles and
other structures found in their cytoplasm are pretty much
the same, however, there are some things that are different. One of the most striking differences is that most plant
cells possess a large internal sac, or vacuole, which is
used to store water containing dissolved minerals and
nutrients. When the vacuoles are full of liquid, a typical
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plant will stand upright with its leaves outstretched. But
when water is in short supply and the vacuoles are no
longer full enough to give the plant support, it will wilt and
lose its shape. However, the most important characteristic of plant cells, as well as the cells of protist algae, is that
their cytoplasm contains organelles called chloroplasts
that are not found in animal cells. Chloroplasts contain
chlorophyll—the molecule responsible for giving plants
their typical greenish color. Chloroplasts, such as
the living examples seen in this cell, are where photosynthesis takes place. Inside the chloroplasts, photosynthesis occurs when the energy of sunlight is trapped by
chlorophyll molecules. As a result, oxygen is released and
carbon dioxide and water are chemically combined to
form sugar molecules which store the sun's energy in
their chemical bonds. This stored energy can be used not
only by plants but also by creatures that eat plants and
even the organisms that eat the plant-eating creatures.
CONCLUSION
As we have seen, cells are like miniature factories which
turn out a steady supply of life-supporting products in their
organelles and other structures. Most cell activities are
controlled by the coded instructions stored in the DNA of
the nucleus. These instructions guide how the cell grows,
repairs, and reproduces itself, how it uses energy and raw
materials, as well as how it carries out the countless other
tasks that must be done to keep an organism alive.
Video Quiz
Directions: Answer the following questions either True or
False.
1. TRUE OR FALSE? Ribosomes are known as "the powerhouses of the cell."
2. TRUE OR FALSE? Not all cells have a nucleus.
3. TRUE OR FALSE? Proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum.
4. TRUE OR FALSE? Enzymes are proteins.
5. TRUE OR FALSE? Animal cells have more chloroplasts than plant cells.
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Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Pre-Test
Directions: Answer each question TRUE OR FALSE.
1. The instructions for making proteins are stored in molecules of DNA. __________
2. Proteins are made in the nucleus. __________
3. All cells are surrounded by a cell or plasma membrane which regulates everything
that enters and leaves a cell. __________
4. The cells of bacteria and other monerans are much simpler than the cells
of plants and animals. __________
5. Life cannot exist without cells. __________
6. Very few cells need to take in energy to live. __________
7. Most cells are so small they can only be seen with a microscope. __________
8. Unicellular means having more than one cell. __________
9. Cells have all the characteristics of living things except one: They cannot respond
to their surroundings. __________
10. The cells of plants and animals are exactly the same. __________
©2001 Ancient Lights Education Media
Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution
2
Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Vocabulary List
algae- Primitive plantlike organisms of the kingdom Protista.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- The major
source of readily available energy in cells. ATP is
produced in the mitochondria when sugar and
oxygen are chemically combined. The energy
released is transfered to a chemical known as
ADP to make ATP.
amoeba- A protist unicellular organism that has
no definite outer shape.
ATP- Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, the
chemical compound used by cells as a source of
readily available energy.
bacteria- Simple, one-celled, organisms that lack
a nucleus belonging to the kingdom Monera.
Bacteria are found almost everywhere on earth.
Some cause disease while others are helpful. In
food chains bacteria play important roles as
decomposers.
blue-green algae- Primitive plantlike creatures of
the kingdom Monera.
carbon dioxide- A colorless, odorless
gas abbre2
viated by the chemical formula CO2 . ( This formula shows that one molecule of CO has two atoms
of oxygen and one of carbon). Animals exhale
carbon dioxide because it is a by-product of cellular respiration. Plants can use the sun's energy to
combine carbon dioxide with water to make sugar.
cell division- The process that results in two
cells being formed from one cell.
cell membrane- The outer layer of the cell that
helps control what comes into and what goes out
of the cell. Also called the plasma membrane.
cell wall- The tough layer outside the cell membrane in plants fungi, and bacteria. Wood is little
more than the cell walls of the cells of trees.
centrioles- Cytoplasmic structures in animal cells
that play a role in cell division by aiding spindle
formation.
characteristic- A distinctive feature; a trait.
chemical- Chemicals are substances made from
combinations of different elements.
chemical bonds- The way in which atoms connect to one another: For example, in water, an
atom of oxygen is joined to two atoms of hydrogen
by chemical bonds. The subatomic particles
called electrons are responsible for creating
chemical bonds.
chemical energy- Energy stored in chemical
bonds.
chemical equation- A diagram that uses chemical formulas, numbers, and other symbols to
describe what happens in a chemical reaction.
chemical reactions- Events in which chemical
bonds are broken, rearranged and reformed.
Matter is changed by chemical reactions: This is
what happens when chemical compounds react
with one another and new compounds are
formed.
chloroplasts- Organelles in plant and protist
algae cells that contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which captures the sun’s energy during
photosynthesis.
chlorophyll- The chemical found in chloroplasts
that transfers light energy to chemical energy.
Plants get their green color from chlorophyll.
chromatin- Chromatin is made up of the tangled,
threadlike, coils of chromosomes. Chromatin contains DNA plus certain proteins.
chromosomesChromosomes are wormshaped structures that develop from chromatin
before cells divide. Chromosomes contain DNA
and protein. Human body cells have two full sets
of 23 different chromosomes.
combustion- The process of burning is called
combustion. If combustion is 100% effective, only
carbon dioxide and water are produced and energy is released. These are the same products that
are produced by cellular respiration, which is a
biological process that strongly resembles combustion.
complementary- Two parts of a puzzle fit together to make a whole; they are complementary
parts. In the same way, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary to one another
because the products of one reaction are the
reactants of the other reaction.
cytoplasm- All the protoplasm located outside
the nucleus.
cytoskeleton- The cell's "skeleton" of microtubules which gives it shape and strength.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- A long molecule
shaped like a twisted ladder. The plans for running and reproducing cells are chemically stored
in the DNA. DNA is found mostly in the nucleus
but small amounts have also been found in the
mitochondia and chloroplasts.
(continued on Blackline Master 3)
©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media
Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution
3
Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Vocabulary List (continued)
electron microscope- Microscopes used by biologists who study cells. Although they only work on
nonliving examples, they provide very high magnification images.
energy- The world is made up of matter and energy. Matter has mass (weight), but energy does
not. Matter occupies space: energy does not.
Energy is the ability to do work—the ability to
move matter. Living things need a source of energy to power their life activities.
endocytosis (end-oh-sigh-toe-sis)- The same
as phagocytosis.
endoplasmic reticulum- A complex network of
tubular passageways leading out of the nuclear
membrane used in transporting proteins.
enzymes- Proteins that control the rates of
chemical reactions in cells. Digestive enzymes,
such as pepsin and trypsin, are produced by specialized cells to break down food in the digestive
tract.
eukaryotic cells (you-carry-ought-ick)- Cells
that possess nuclei. Protists, fungi, plants, and
animals are called eukaryotes because their cells
have nuclei.
exocytosis (ec-oh-sigh-toe-sis)- The reverse of
endocytosis. The process where wastes are
enclosed in tiny sacs and expelled from a cell.
food vacuole- A small sac created when the cell
membrane surrounds a food particle.
genetic code- The chemical language of the cell.
DNA stores its instructions in the genetic code.
GOLGI body (GOLGI complex)- An organelle
made up of stacks of curved slightly flattened
membranes that help process, package and deliver proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
lysosomes (lie-so-soams)- Organelles rarely
found in plants that contain digestive enzymes
which break down food and digest worn out cell
parts.
moneran- An organism belonging to the kingdom
Monera, such as a bacterium or blue-green alga.
Moneran cells have no nuclei, mitochondria or
chloroplasts. All Monerans are prokaryotes.
micro-organisms- Organisms that are so small
they can only be seen under a microscope.
multicellular organisms- An organism made up
of many cells.
microtubules- Microscopic tubes that make up
the "skeleton" of the cell and that also help move
certain organelles in the cell.
mitochondria (Singular: Mitochondrion (Mytoe-con-dree-un)- The organelles where chemically stored energy is released. Known as the
"powerhouses of the cell."
nuclear- Refers to the nucleus.
nucleus (Plural: nuclei)- A rounded structure
located in the cytoplasm that acts as the control
center for the entire cell.
nucleolus (new-klee-oh-lus)- "Little Nucleus"
The area of the nucleus where ribosomes are
made. Cells can have more than one nucleolus.
nutrients- Food broken down into simple chemicals the body can use.
offspring-Descendents, children.
organelles- "Little Organs." Certain structures in
the cytoplasm where specific tasks are carried
out.
organism- An entire living thing that carries out all
the basic functions of life.
plasma membrane- Another name for the cell
membrane.
prokaryotic cells (pro-carry-ought-ick)- Cells of
very primitive organisms, such as bacteria and bluegreen algae that lack nuclei, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts.
proteins- Molecules made up of long chains of
amino acids. Proteins build living material, help
carry out chemical reactions, fight disease, and help
transport things out of the cell.
protist- An organism belonging to the Kingdom
Protista, unicellular creatures that have a nucleus.
protoplasm- The living jelly-like substance of cells.
protozoa- Animal-like organisms of the Kingdom
Protista.
red blood cells- These cells cause our blood to be
red. Their role is to carry oxygen from the lungs to
other cells in the body. Although red blood cells
have nuclei when they are developing, the mature
cells have no nuclei.
phagocytosis (fah-go-sigh-toe-sis)- "cell eating"
occurs when the cell membrane surrounds food
material producing a food vacuole; also called endocytosis.
respond- To make a response; to react to something. Living things respond to stimuli in the world
around them.
(continued on Blackline Master 4)
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Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Vocabulary List and Activity(continued)
respiratory system- The organ system that
brings oxygen into the body and removes waste
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
ribosomes- The organelles where proteins are
made from amino acids.
specialized cells- Cells in the bodies of multicellular organisms that carry out special tasks. For
example, muscle cells are specialized cells that
help move parts of the body.
tissue- Usually tissues are layers of similar cells
that perform a certain function.
trillion- A million millions. Adult human beings
havearound 100 trillion cells.
unicellular organism- An organism made up of
only one cell.
vacuole (vac-you-ohl)- A cell sac. In plant cells,
the vacuole is a large sac that contains liquid.
white blood cells- Special blood cells that act as
a defense system against disease.
Vocabulary Activity
From the vocabulary list, find the correct word and
use it to fill in the blank.
1. ___________ is a process that is similar to cellular respiration.
2. Multicellular organisms possess cells that are
_______________ to perform certain tasks.
(Muscle cells and blood cells are examples of
these types of cells).
3. A layer of similar cells that performs a certain
activity is called a _______________.
4. The process by which two cells are created
from
one cell is called ________________.
5. Wood is little more than the ______ _____ of
the cells of trees.
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5
Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Crossword Puzzle
ACROSS
1. Protoplasm is enclosed in a skin-like cell
________________.
4
1
2. Plant cells have a thick outer layer called a
cell _____________.
2
3. Instructions from DNA are translated into
proteins
by
organelles
called
______________.
3
3
4. Plant cells usually have a large
__________, which is filled with liquid.
5. Photosynthesis takes place in organelles
called ____________.
5
DOWN
1. Proteins are sorted out and "packaged" by
an organelle called the ___________body.
2
5
2.
Food
vacuoles
fuse
with________________ , which release
enzymes to break down the food into simple
nutrients.
3. Energy from sugars is released inside organelles called _________________.
4. Protoplasm of the cells of eukaryotes is
divided into a rounded __________ and the
cytoplasm that surrounds it.
5. Energy from sugars ends up inside molecules of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE, or
_____ , which provides readily available energy whenever it is needed by a cell.
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6
Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Post-Test
Part A.
Describe the function of each of the following cell parts:
1. Ribosome2. Mitochondrion3. Endoplasmic reticulum4. Golgi body5. Lysosome6. Cell membrane7. Chloroplast8. Chromatin9. Food vacuole10. Cell wall-
Part B.
From the list above, which parts would not be found in animal cells.
Part C.
What is a eukaryote? What is a prokaryote?
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7
Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Video Quiz
Directions: Answer the following questions either True or False.
1. TRUE OR FALSE? Ribosomes are known as "the powerhouses of the cell." _______
2. TRUE OR FALSE? Not all cells have a nucleus. _______
3. TRUE OR FALSE? Proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum. _______
4. TRUE OR FALSE? Enzymes are proteins. _______
5. TRUE OR FALSE? Animal cells have more chloroplasts than plant cells. _______
©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media
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8
Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Diagram of an Animal Cell
©2001 Ancient Lights Educational Media
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All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution
9
Name_________________________
The Living Cell
from the Biology: The Science of Life Series
Diagram of a Plant Cell
©2001 Ancient Lights Education Media
Published and Distributed by AGC/United Learning
All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution