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Transcript
The Structure of an Atom Chapter 4.3: How Atoms Differ Atomic Number ✦ Main Idea: The number of _______ and ______ number define the _____ of ______. ✦ Just like people and objects can be identified by _____________ (ie~ SSN or IP address), ________ and __________ are also _________ by numbers. Atomic Number ✦ Henry Moseley ✦ Discovered atoms of each _________ contain a unique _________ charge in their ____________. ✦ ✦ Number of ____________ identifies an _______ as part of a particular ___________. Referred to as ___________ ______________. 4.3 How Atoms differ Atomic Number Main Idea: The number of protons and ✦ ✦ Periodic table organized by ____________ atomic number. Atomic number Atomic number = number of ____________ in an atom. ✦ ✦ Number of protons = number of _______________ All atoms are ________________. Isotopes - Mass Number - Isotopes & Mass Number ✦ Dalton stated that atoms were not divisible and that all atoms of an element had to be identical. ✦ ✦ Atoms have the same number of ___________ and _______________. ✦ ✦ Was he correct? Number of _____________ might differ. Atoms with same number of ___________ but different numbers of __________ = _______________. Isotopes & Mass Number Isotope notation - ✦ Isotopes of element identified by _________ _________________. ✦ ______ of the _________ number and __________ in the nucleus. ✦ ✦ _______ _________ = # protons + # neutrons Mass of atoms Most elements found as Atomic Mass Unit (amu) ________ of __________. Mass of Atoms ✦ ____________ particles have small _____________. ss of atoms ✦ Developed method of measuring ______ relative to ________. mic Mass Unit (amu) ✦ ✦ ____________ atom = 12 __________ ________ _________ One atomic mass unit (amu) = _______ the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Mass of Atoms ✦ Atomic mass = the ___________ ___________ mass of the _____________ of an element. ✦ ________ Average Atomic Massa- whole number. ✦ Isotopes have different ________. ✦ Isotopes found in different relative ______________. Mass of Atoms Practice Problems: Boron has two naturally occurring isotopes: boron-10 (abundance = 19.8%), mass = Given the data in boron-11 the table,(abundance calculate the= atomic unknown X. 10.013 amu) and 80.2%,mass massof=an 11.009 amu).Element Calculate Then identifyatomic the unknown the average mass orelement, boron. which is used medically to treat some mental disorders. Isotope Mass (amu) Percent Abundance 6 X 6.015 7.59% 77 X 7.016 92.41% Mass of Atoms Practice Problems: Given the data in the table, calculate the atomic mass of an unknown Element X. Then identify the unknown element, which is used medically to treat some mental disorders. Isotope Mass (amu) Percent Abundance 6 X 6.015 7.59% 7 X 7.016 92.41% Mass of Atoms Practice Problems: Nitrogen has two naturally occurring isotopes, N-14 & N-15. Its Given the data in the table, calculate the atomic mass of an unknown Element X. atomic mass 14.007.element, Which isotope more abundant? Then identify theisunknown which is usedismedically to treat some mental disorders. Isotope Mass (amu) Percent Abundance 6 X 6.015 7.59% 7 X 7.016 92.41% The Structure of an Atom Chapter 4.4: Unstable Nuclei & Radioactive Decay Unstable Nuclei & Radioactive Decay ✦ Main Idea: __________ atoms emit _____________ to gain ____________. ✦ ✦ Review: What happens in a chemical reaction? New type of reaction can _________ one element into a ________ element. ✦ ___________ ____________ Unstable Nuclei & Radioactive Decay Radioactivity ✦ _________________ is the process of substances ________________ emitting _______________. ✦ ✦ Radiation = The _________ and ______________ emitted by ______________ materials. Radioactive atoms undergo _____________ that can alter their ___________ through __________ reactions. ✦ Changes an atom’s _____________. ✦ Emit radiation because their _______ are ____________. Radioactivity ✦ Spontaneous process of ____________ nuclei emitting ___________ is called ______________ ___________. ✦ ✦ Nuclei ___________ __________ during this process. Undergo radioactive decay until they form _______ __________. ✦ Usually results in a ________ element. Types of Radiation ✦ ✦ Scientists identified ________ different types of radiation by directing _____________ between two ______________ charged plates. Identification based upon _______ ______ of particle. Types of Radiation ✦ Alpha Radiation ✦ Deflected toward the ___________ plate. ✦ Made up of _________ particles. ✦ Contains ______ protons and _______ neutrons. ✦ Has _____ charge & equal to a _________ nucleus. ✦ Represented by: __________ or the symbol ____ Types of Radiation ✦ Alpha Radiation ✦ Type of equation = ______________ ________________. ✦ Radioactive radium changes to stable radon ✦ Notice that __________ __________ is ____________ in this reaction. Types of Radiation ✦ Beta Radiation ✦ Deflected toward the _____________ plate. ✦ Made up of fast-moving _________ particles. ✦ Same as an ___________. ✦ Has ________ charge. ✦ Represented by: __________ or the symbol ____ Types of Radiation ✦ Beta Radiation ✦ Type of equation = nuclear equation. ✦ Radioactive iodine changes to xenon radon ✦ Notice that mass number is conserved in this reaction. Types of Radiation ✦ Gamma Radiation (Rays) ✦ _______ __________ radiation that does not have __________. ✦ ✦ Charge is ___________. ✦ ✦ Represented by the symbol ____ ______ ____________ by electric or magnetic fields. Account for ________ of the _________ lost during radioactive _____________. Types of Radiation Gamma Decay - Radioactive Decay Practice Problems: Write the equation for the alpha decay of Bismuth-214. Write the equation for the beta decay of Neptunium-239 Nuclear Stability Radioactive Decay When writing radioactive decomposition reactions, the mass numbers (top) and the atomic numbers (bottom) must be equal on both sides. Radioactivity Problems – write the equations for the following radioactive decomposition reactions 1. alpha decay of uranium – 238 2. beta decay of phosphorus – 32 3. alpha decay of carbon – 14 4. alpha decay of potassium – 40 5. beta decay of argon – 37