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A
physically distinct area with a
community of interacting organisms
 LIVING
or BIOTIC factors: producers,
consumers , decomposers
 NON-LIVING
or ABIOTIC factors:
geologic, physical or chemical
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
 Organisms
that can use sunlight directly
to make their own energy
 AKA : AUTOTROPH
 Trap
solar energy and perform
photosynthesis
 Vital
to ecosystems
 Ex: grasses, algae, cactuses, trees
 Phytoplankton
 Diatoms
 Dinoflagellates
 seaweed
 Rely
on producers directly or indirectly
for their energy
 AKA
: HETEROTROPHS
 Primary
Consumers = Herbivores
 Secondary Consumers = Carnivores or
Omnivores
 Zooplankton
 Krill
 Sponges
 Jellyfish
 Molluscs
 Crustaceans
 Echinoderms
 Worms
 Vetebrates
 Breaks
down dead organisms and waste
material
 Returns nutrients to soil, water and air
 Ex
: fungi and bacteria
 Are
theses organisms producers or
consumers?
 Each
time one organism eats another, a
transfer of energy occurs
 Study
energy transfers by mapping out
food chains and food webs
 Predator
 Prey
 Scavenger
 Parasite
 Host
Estuaries
Salt
Marsh
Mangrove Swamp
Rocky Shore/Intertidal Zone
Sandy Shore/Barrier Island
Coral Reef
Hydrothermal Vents
1- NUMBERS
2- BIOMASS
3- ENERGY
 Are
there any relationships on the
diagram that are not feeding
relationships?
 Are some organisms more important than
others?
 Why are decomposers important?
 Do you think anything is missing?
 Where do humans fit?
SCENARIOS
A
Commercial fishery triples the
annual catch of Red Cod .
B
The land on the edge of the estuary is
converted to intensive farming. There is
a big increase in agricultural runoff
and nutrients into the estuary. This
increases the risk of phytoplankton
blooms.
C
Due to increased carbon
emissions, the ocean is
becoming more acidic.
Bryozoans and other shelled
animals can no longer make
their shells.
IMPACT
IMPACT
A
Commercial fishery triples the
annual catch of Red Cod .
Increase in zooplankton,
small fish and juvenile sea
stars
B
The land on the edge of the estuary is
converted to intensive farming. There is a
big increase in agricultural runoff and
nutrients into the estuary. This increases
the risk of phytoplankton blooms.
Phytoplankton blooms;
Depletion of oxygen ,
death of fish
C
Due to increased carbon emissions,
the ocean is becoming more acidic.
Bryozoans and other shelled
animals can no longer make their
shells.
Organisms with Calcium
Carbonate shells cannot
produce a shell;
organisms grow more
slowly, shells become
thinner,
IMPACT
A
Commercial fishery triples the
annual catch of Red Cod .
Decrease in squid, sea
birds and dolphins;
damage to seafloor
B
The land on the edge of the estuary is
converted to intensive farming. There is a
big increase in agricultural runoff and
nutrients into the estuary. This increases
the risk of phytoplankton blooms.
SHARP INCREASE IN
DECOMPOSITION OF
THE DEAD ORGANISMS
BY OXYGEN-USING
BACTERIA
C
Due to increased carbon
emissions, the ocean is becoming
more acidic. Bryozoans and other
shelled animals can no longer
make their shells.
Loss of cockles
and other
bivalves as well
as the loss of
bryozoan
habitats
 Cayuga
lake, NY- lake ecosystem
Humans
2. Trout
3. Smelt
4. Small aquatic
animals
5. Algae
1.
1.2 calories
6 calories
30 calories
150 calories
1000 calories
 Cayuga
lake, NY- lake ecosystem
Humans
2. Trout
3. Smelt
4. Small aquatic
animals
5. Algae
1.
1.2 calories 80 %
6 calories 80 %
30 calories 80 %
150 calories 85 %
1000 calories
 Aka: bio-magnification
or
bio-accumulation
 The concentration of a substance that
cannot be broken down naturally (nonbiodegradable) increases as it passes
through the food chain/web
 Often the increase is 10 times
 Often fatal to higher level consumers
