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What are the major effects/problems of global warming and how can they be solved?
By Senthuran Sivasambo, Rohit Jogendran, Walid Masud, Sankash
Kharbanda, Michael Ke, Raman Sehra and Ted Zhang
Global warming is the continuous increase of the
temperature of the Earth’s surface.
 Began during the industrial revolution, in the mid
1900’s.
 Occurs when an abundance of greenhouse gases
traps the sun’s heat in the atmosphere.
 You
can
also
visit
our
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http://www.heatingearth.webs.com/ .
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The greenhouse effect is a natural process that occurs on Earth.
Caused by gases that trap the sun’s heat in the earth’s atmosphere.
This process allows the Earth to a temperatures suitable for human
survival.
Process:
 The earth receives energy from the sun. About half is absorbed by the
earth.
 As the sun’s rays reach our atmosphere, there are both reflected and
absorbed.
 Some of the radiation is emitted into space. The rest is reflected to
earth.
 The absorption causes the Earth to warm which then releases the heat
outward.
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Gases that cause this effect are called
greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gas examples: Methane, Carbon
Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, water vapour.
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect:
 Caused by too much greenhouse gas in the
atmosphere.
 More heat is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere.
 Causes an increase in the average temperature of
the earth’s surface.
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A black body is an object that absorbs all the electromagnetic
radiation (e.g. Sun’s rays) which touches it’s surface.
 From this comes black body radiation — thermal radiation which is
radiated back out .
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Measurement of black body surfaces are determined by
their emissivity on a scale from 0-1 .
 1 being a perfect black body (i.e. Dark and dull surfaces-coal, ocean
water, etc.) .
 0 being complete opposite (i.e. Shiny surfaces- metal, ice, etc.).
▪ Over 2/3 of the world is covered by oceans - adds to thermal radiation
which adds to global warming.
▪ Dry land has a relatively high scale on emissivity - another factor which
adds to heat forming on earth.
▪ Although ice has a low emissivity, the water which comes from the ice
when it melts has a black appearance and absorbs much of the
electromagnetic radiation – goes in a continuous circle (can be seen in
the north/ south poles).
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Almost all human activities contribute to global warming.
Some major causes include:
 Fossil fuel combustion
▪ Used to produce electricity.
▪ Produces carbon dioxide.
▪ Examples: Producing electricity with coal, transportation systems.
 Burning waste products.
▪ Used to get rid of garbage.
▪ Produces Carbon Dioxide when garbage is incinerated.
 Agriculture.
▪ Use fertilizers to yield better crops. Produces nitrous oxide, a
greenhouse gas.
▪ As the population increases, more animals are needed as a source of
food. This creates more waste products and thus, more methane.
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Other causes include:
 Deforestation.
▪ Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
▪ By cutting down trees, more carbon dioxide would be in the
atmosphere.
 General home electronics.
▪ Examples: lamp, television, computers (a server computer
may produce as much carbon dioxide as an SUV).
 Mining coal and oil.
▪ Allows methane to escape into the atmosphere.
 Methane gas being released from tundra and
wetlands (generally a natural phenomenon).
Comparisons between changes in global
average surface area, global average sea
level, and Northern Hemisphere snow cover
from 1850-2000. Representing the serious
changes caused by Global Warming, which is
affecting many different aspects on Earth.
The extinction of many animals and plants that cannot adapt.
 Cause an imbalance in the food web.
 May cause overpopulation and starvation of certain species.
 Some species may flourish due to the increased temperature.
 Cause a lot of competition for other species.
 Insufficient food sources.
 Many animals may migrate to cooler areas.
 An ecosystem may lose certain species. May cause entire
ecosystem to collapse.
 Example: birds are migrating later into the season compared to
the past .
 Example: Deer and other land animals are migrating further
north due to each increasing warm season.
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Depletion of Ozone Layer.
 Scientists believe that Global Warming will result in a weaker ozone layer.
 The Ozone layer protects all life on earth from the harmful Ultraviolet
radiations coming from the Sun.
 The Ozone prevents illnesses and diseases to occur due to UV radiation.
 Since CO2 is trapped in water due to the oceans' temperature rise, the pH level
is increased harming the inhabiting fish.
 Increased precipitation.
 Caused by the melting glaciers.
 Desalinization of the ocean.
 Caused by melting of polar ice caps.
 Interrupt many ecosystems.
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Forest fires are likely to become more frequent and severe as the soil
becomes drier.
 Example: the Alaskan ecosystem has undergone a transition from tundra to wetland
due to melting glaciers.
Some consequences for the arctic ecosystem include:
Decay of micro-organisms of the accumulated detritus.
 Once released from its permafrost state, it releases a huge amount of
carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. Previously locked in
dead organic matter.
 Contributes to further global warming.
Appearance and growth of conifers.
 Forms boreal forests (also known as taiga).
 There areas absorb radiant heat energy from sunlight and contribute
to further warming of the region, since they replace ice, snow and
frozen tundra.
 Increased presence of pathogens that parasitize the expanded range of
animal and plant life the changing habitat supports.
Change in latitude and altitude of plant or animal species’ habitat
For example:
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Species
Location
Observed Changes
Treelines
New Zealand
Advancement towards higher
altitudes
Arctic shrub vegetation
Alaska
Expansion of shrubs in previously
shrub-free areas
Alpine plants
European Alps
Elevational shift of 1-4 m per
decade
Antarctic plants and invertebrates
Antarctica
Distributional changes
Zooplankton, intertidal
invertebrate and fish communities
North Atlantic
Increasing abundance of warmwater species
Red fix and Artic fox
Canada
Northward expansion of red fox
range and simultaneous retreat of
Arctic fix range
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Increase in sea level.
 Caused by the melting of glaciers.
 Drowns many coastal cities.
 Seawater may seep into some freshwater sources.
Increase in temperature.
 Cause many health problems.
 Examples: heatstroke, diseases spread quicker (many disease-carrying
insects flourish in warm weather).
 Increase in respiratory illnesses due to changes in atmosphere.
Natural disasters.
 Draughts (irregular precipitation patterns).
 Hurricanes (warmer waters).
 Heat waves.
 Floods (increased evaporation due to higher temperature).
 Longer periods of intense heat or rain on different regions of earth.
Many people would immigrate to areas with a more comfortable temperature,
cause overpopulation in some areas.
 Transportation.
 May need to be changed as they are subject to more extreme weather
changes.
 Example: pipeline, cars, bus, plane, ships.
 Agriculture.
 Some areas may no longer be suitable for agriculture due to climate change.
 Some areas may become better suited for agriculture.
 Many types of food my become unavailable as those species may become
extinct.
 Changes in soil quality, temperature, and nutrients present.
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 Change in weather conditions (rainfalls and floods). Increase crop destruction.
 According to the IPCC, "Climate change is likely to have wide-ranging and
mostly adverse impacts on human health with significant loss of life."
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Real Estate, construction, recreation, and tourism will be negatively
affected by changes.
Insurance companies will be affected due to an increase in severe
weather conditions (hurricanes).
Poor nations will be affected greatly by global warming.
 Dependent on agriculture (food, exports, GDP).
 Lack of water resources to cope with high temperatures.
 Financial resources to deal with Global Warming.
An international agreement to attempt to reduce
greenhouse gas emission.
 187 countries have signed AND ratified.
 Some less advanced countries are allowed to increase
emission.
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 Example: Greece (+25%), Spain (+15%), Ireland (+13%)
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The protocol puts a heavier burden on developed
countries.
 Developed countries had a greater impact on the
environment due to 150 years of industrial development
and activities.
 Commits 37 developed countries and the general
European community to reduce greenhouse gas.
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Emission Trading (Carbon Market).
 Participants are allowed to have a limited amount of
greenhouse gas emissions (emission reduction units).
 If a participating country have emission to “spare”, the leftover
emission can be sold to another participating country whose
emission exceeds the limit.
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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
 Allows a participating country with emission-reduction/limit
commitment to establish emission-reduction projects in
developing countries.
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Joint Implementation.
 Allows a country to earn emission reduction units from an
emission-reduction project.
 Project must result in reduction in emission that reduces the
amount that would have occurred without it.
Under former Prime minister Jean Chretien, Canada
ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002.
 Current Prime minister and former leader of the
opposition Stephen Harper was against this notion.
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 Labeled the treaty as a ‘socialist scheme designed to suck
money out of rich countries’.
After coming into power, Harper was accused of
neglecting the accord.
 Since then, the Canadian government has realized
the importance of Global warming and is now
participating in several programs similar to the
Kyoto protocol such as the Asia-Pacific partnership
on Clean Development and climate.
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Use clean energy sources.
 Burning fossil fuels create carbon dioxide.
 Example: electricity, solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy.
 Real life examples.
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▪ Niagara falls is used to generate hydroelectricity.
▪ Many countries are beginning to adopt electric-powered cars.
▪ 70% of the energy needs of Solar Valley Micro-E Hotel in china is provided by
solar panels.
▪ Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technologies-preventing greenhouse
gases from entering into the atmosphere through the use of technological
methods.
Neutralizing Carbon Dioxide.
 Carbon dioxide is acidic, and so can be neutralized with a base.
 Sodium hydroxide can react with carbon dioxide to create water and
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sodium carbide.
 Sodium carbide has industrial uses so it is not wasted.
Limits can be put on the carbon dioxide emission of factories.
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Transportation is a major cause of Global Warming. Possible solutions:
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Fuel efficient vehicles.
Hybrid vehicles.
Changes from road transportation to rail and public transit.
Alternatives such as walking or cycling.
Urban planning - essential to promote the use of alternatives .
Energy efficient buildings can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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include efficient lighting (fluorescent light bulbs).
energy efficient appliances.
heating and air conditioning (clean the filters, and refrigerants).
solar heating and cooling (ceiling fans, evaporative cooler, solar panels).
Recycling (minimally packaged goods; choose reusable products over
disposable ones.
 efficient electrical equipment.
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Forestry.
 Reduced. deforestation.
 Improved Forest Management.
 Reforestation.
 Use of forestry products to replace fossil fuels.
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Agriculture.
 carbon stored away in carbon sinks (reservoir that can absorb
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere).
 producing crops for energy use.
 manure management to reduce methane emissions.
 improving fertilizer application to reduce nitrous oxide emissions.
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Plant Trees- helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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Establish more international agreements concerning global warming.
 For example Kyoto Protocol, which attempts to make a balance with
the emission.
 In future if every carbon emission has an offset, we can maintain the
level of carbon we have reached and probably even reduce as we
progress.
Driving more eco-friendly cars.
 Breaking our oil addiction and retooling plants to manufacture the
fuel-efficient cars that consumers are demanding, including hybrids
and plug-in hybrids.
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Create green homes and buildings in our community.
 New buildings should meet strong new energy-efficiency standards
that maximize energy savings.
 Existing homes and commercial spaces can be retrofitted to save
energy by weatherizing and installing energy efficient heating, cooling
and lighting systems.
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Build better communities and transportation.
 Building walkable communities near transportation hubs instead of
far-flung, car-dependent suburbs.
 Invest in and expand public transit ,such as commuter rail to give
people real transportation choices.
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Taxes and charges can be set on greenhouse gases (cost for each unit of
greenhouse emissions).
Subsidies and tax credits can provide financial incentives for the
development of new technologies.
Agreements between industry and governments can help reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, and raise awareness to other companies and
individuals.
Awareness campaigns can possibly affect decisions of individuals
regarding greenhouse gas emissions positively.
Government funding could create incentives for companies to invest
into products, and technology that are energy efficient.
Climate Change policies that promote energy efficient and renewable
energy resources can benefit the economy.
 Decrease in air pollution.
 Increase in biodiversity (decrease in natural habitat loss, and
deforestation) as a result of implementing climate change policies.
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Renewable energy sources are expensive.
 For example wind power is a renewable energy source which
is expensive, unreliable and won’t save very much natural
gas.
▪ In U.K. electricity customers were forced to pay a total of over $1 billion to
the owners of wind turbines. That figure is due to rise to over $6 billion a
year by 2020 given the government's plan to build a nationwide
infrastructure with some 25 gigawatts of wind capacity.
▪ When the wind drops or blows too hard, turbines stop spinning and you
get no power.
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By putting limits on carbon dioxide emissions manufacturers
may risk the development of products in the factories.
▪ Factories will have to find a way in which they can reduce carbon dioxide
emissions which will cost time and money.
▪ This can result in the factor to be financially unstable, putting a risk to the
development of their products.
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Our world today has a high demand for energy needs.
 rapid industrialization, growth and current life style has brought us to
a point where our demand for high energy needs is growing every day,
making the primary source of this demand to be fulfilled by coal and
petroleum.
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Despite all the research we have failed to find any alternate
reliable sources of energy other than the fossil fuels.
 Even after decades of research and innovations we still haven’t been
able to find any other source of energy which can remove dirty fuels
from their dominance.
 Wind, Solar, Bio, Nuclear all exist but they haven’t been able to come
out and make a mark since they show more problems than they solve.
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Cleaner public transportation methods are available to help
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 However due to the growth of our economy, and barriers such as consumer
preferences, individuals will continue to choose their choice of transportation.
 There are no policies present to solve the problem with transportation and its
contribution to Global Warming
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New buildings are installed with energy efficient products, and the
latest technology to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 It will cost a lot of money and work to update older buildings that release large
amounts of greenhouse gases in developing and industrialized countries.
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Our population continues to increase significantly, which is a
major cause of Global Warming.
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According
to
http://www.greenfacts.org/climate-change/globalwarming/global-warming.htm, the future predictions that are caused as
a result of global warming are:
 global mean temperature should increase by between 1.4 and 5.8°C (2.5 to
10°F).
 the Northern Hemisphere cover should decrease further, but the Antarctic ice
sheet should increase.
 the sea level should rise by between 9 and 88 cm (3.5" to 35").
 other changes should occur, including an increase in some extreme weather
events.
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Solutions to achieve Stabilization.
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Use of current technology along with future development technology.
Increased energy efficiency measures.
World wide investments.
Installing low emission technologies.
Research into new energy resources.
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A promising leader who is striving to
help save the Earth.
He started his efforts by writing the
book Earth in the Balance: Ecology and
the Human Spirit.
During his time as vice-president he
preached to protect the environment
which could also aid the economy.
He also wrote the best-selling book
and now a film, An Inconvenient Truth
which helped raise the awareness of
Global Warming.
Campaigned for the president of the
US in 1999 with the intention of
reducing global warming.
• Lost campaign.
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Japanese Canadian, born March 24,
1936
Award
winning
scientist,
environmentalist, broadcaster.
Produced much influential work
focusing on sustainability of the earth.
Some works include Its a Matter of
Survival (1991), and David Suzuki's
Green Guide (2008).
Hosted many radio/TV shows, such as
The Nature of Things, A Planet for the
Taking and Quirks and Quarks.
Recognized as a world leader in
sustainable ecology as he won “United
Nations
Environment
Program
Medal”.
Co-founder of the David Suzuki
Foundation - to raise awareness of
climate change .
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, (born 13 October 1925) served as
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990
and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.
 She is the only woman to have held either post.
 She was a former chemist
 She became publicly concerned with environmental issues in
the late 1980s.
 In 1988, she made a major speech communicating the
problems of global warming.
 She was one of the first women to come and publicly discuss
the issue of global warming.
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<http://www.davidsuzuki.org/>.
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<http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/global_warming_worldbook.html>.
O'Hanlon, Larry. "Global Warming : A Primer : Discovery Channel." Discovery Channel : Science, History, Space, Tech, Sharks, News.
Discovery Channel, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/globalwarming/primer/primer.html>.
Revkin, Andrew C. "Global Warming- Science - The New York Times." Times Topics. New York Times, 9 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 Dec.
2009. <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html>.
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Tsokos, K. A.. Physics for the IB Diploma. 5 ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.
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<http://library.thinkquest.org/C006156/what_can_we_do.htm>.
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Events, Bizarre News, Strange People and A Lot More. Oddity Central, 22 Dec. 2009. Web. 30 Dec. 2009.
<http://www.odditycentral.com/pics/worlds-largest-solar-power-hotel-opens-in-china.html>.
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Analysis. Global Warming.org, 4 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.globalwarming.org/2009/02/04/global-warming-101solutions/>.
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http://www.islington.gov.uk/images/environment/Challenge_SwitchMeOff.jpg
http://pkpolitics.com/files/2009/07/no-air-conditioner220.jpg
http://www.sustainabilityninja.com/eco-news/theres-still-time-to-avoid-worst-of-global-warming88808/