Download Cells

What do you think?
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What are some of the differences of what
makes an object / organism “Living or
Non-Living?
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How can we tell, exactly, an organism is
Living? How can we tell if it is Living;
Characteristics
Cells
Personal Study Notes
How can we tell the difference between
living and non-living things?
The characteristics of life
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Living things can:
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reproduce.
grow and develop becoming capable of
reproduction.
respond to the outside world.
find energy to stay alive.
change as their environment changes.
move about their environment.
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In your own opinion, what would be
the best definition of a living cell.
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The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the building
block of all living things.
Basic Units of Life
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 All living things are made up of cells.
 Cells are the smallest working units of all living
things.
 All cells come from preexisting cells through cell
division.
The Cell’s Main Components
Nucleus: Contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
Cytoplasm: A viscous, jelly that allows the internal functions to happen
inside the cell easily.
Cell Membrane: The “skin” that allows nutrients into the cell, and wastes
out of the cell.
DNA and Genetic Material
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What is DNA? (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
A complete DNA molecule is made up of
smaller cut up segments called chromosomes.
Chromosomes contains specific “blue prints” of
how to build your body properly, replenish dying
cells, and repair damaged areas. It is all done
using codes that the proteins in the body
understand.
Code Example
A 00000001 I 10000001 Q 11000010 Y 11101000
B 00000010 J 10000010 R 11000100 Z 11110000
C 00000100 K 10000100 S 11001000
D 00001000 L 10001000 T 11010000
E 00010000 M 10010000 U 11100000
F 00100000 N 10100000 V 11100001
G 01000000 O 11000000 W 11100010
H 10000000 P 11000001 X 11100100
KEN = 100001000001000010100000
? = 11001000100001001000000110100000
DNA
Textbook Review /Work
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READ Pages 49 – 53.
ANSWER QUESTIONS: Page 53 #1 – 6.
Answers will be used for bi weekly Quizzes for
the next 5 months!
Answers
1a) DNA is described as a Double Helix.
1b) The DNA is found in the chromosomes,
inside the nucleus.
2. The nitrogen bases are Cytosine, Guanine,
Adenine, and Thymine.
3a) A gene is a segment of DNA that determines a
particular characteristics of an organism
3b) The information found in a gene gives the
organism traits that are expressed as proteins.
3c) An entire set of genes is called a genome.
4. A chromosome is the structure that contains
the DNA of an organism.
5a) A somatic cell is a cell that forms tissue, as
opposed to sex cells; they have 46 chromosomes
in the human body.
5b) The number of chromosomes in an
organism`s sex cell can be expressed as “n”.
5c) A diploid cell is a cell that has two sets of
chromosomes in the nucleus; 1\2 from Mom and
1\2 from Dad.
6a) The two types of reproductive cells in
humans are: the sperm and the ova.
6b) A haploid cell is a sex cell; they have half
of the organism`s cells total chromosomes.
Mom = 23 chromosomes
Dad = 23 chromosomes
Baby has 46 chromosomes in every cell.
Cell and DNA Main Points
Nucleotides ( A, T, G, C)
↓
Make Amino Acids Ex. A T T C G T (A with T, C with G)
↓
| | | | | |
↓
TA A G C A
↓
DNA: A Macromolecule forming the 46 chromosomes.
↓
Specific Proteins: made from the Amino Acid codes.
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(Ex: Eye colour or ear shape)
↓
Specific Cells: to ensure that the body reproduces the
same amino acid codes for that cell’s
specific purpose. (Ex. Skin, Hair, Liver…)
DNA is a Double Helix
Segments in the DNA molecule are
responsible for specific protein production.
Perhaps this area is for hair colour and texture?
Perhaps this area is for height?
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Genes: are DNA segments that determine specific genetic
characteristics; TRAITS.
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Chromosomes: are structures that contain the DNA, and
therefore the genes, of an organism.
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Diploid Cells: Human cells that contain 46 chromosomes;
they are tissue cells.
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Haploid Cells: Human cells that contain only 23
chromosomes; the sex cells. 23 from each parent.
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2n: Represents the number of chromosomes any living
organism will have as long as we know the number of
chromosomes that are in the organisms sex cells:
n = number of chromosomes in a sex cell
Ex. A fruit fly has 4 chromosomes in it sex cells; thus
2(4) = 8 chromosomes in total.
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Somatic Cells: Human Tissue Cells; they are diploid cells.